Authoritarian democracy: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Form of government}} |
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{{Democracy}}'''Authoritarian democracy''' is a form of [[democracy]] directed by a [[Ruling class|ruling elite]] of an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] state that seeks to represent the [[Corporatism|different interests of society]].<ref name="Arblaster">{{cite journal|first=Anthony|last=Arblaster|title=Democracy|journal=Concepts in Social Thought|location=Minneapolis, Minnesota, US|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1994|page=48}}</ref> Authoritarian democracy has also been called "organic democracy" by some proponents.<ref>Blamires, Cyprian, ''World Fascism: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1'' (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2006) p. 232.</ref><ref name="Blinkhorn">Martin Blinkhorn. ''Fascists and conservatives: the radical right and the establishment in twentieth-century Europe''. Routledge, 1990, 2003. p. 144.</ref> In use for cases of [[fascism]] and [[Stalinism]] it has also been referred to as [[totalitarian democracy]].<ref>Jacob Leib Talmon, Yehoshua Arieli, Nathan Rotenstreich. ''Totalitarian democracy and after''. London, England, UK; Portland, Oregon, US: FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS, 2002. p. 174.</ref><ref name="Stromberg">Roland N. Stromberg. Democracy: a short, analytical history. Armonk, New York, US: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. p. 94.</ref> |
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Authoritarian democracy was first developed and used by [[Bonapartism]].<ref>John Alexander Murray Rothney. ''Bonapartism after Sedan''. Cornell University Press, 1969. p. 293.</ref> The Bonapartist conception of authoritarian democracy was based upon [[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès]]'s [[maxim (saying)|maxim]], "confidence from below, authority from above", which he claimed must be an enlightened authority that is responsive to the needs and clamour of the people.<ref>Front Cover William Herbert Cecil Smith. Second Empire and Commune: France, 1848-1871. Longman, 1996. p. 12.</ref><ref>Geoffrey Bruun. Europe and the French imperium, 1799-1814. Harper & Row, 1965. p. 68.</ref> |
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Authoritarian democracy was promoted by fascists, who presented fascism as a form of authoritarian democracy. It explicitly rejects the conventional concept of [[democracy]] as in a [[majoritarian democracy]] that assumes equality of citizens.<ref name="Arblaster"/> The concept of authoritarian democracy in fascism was developed by Italian fascist political theorist [[Giovanni Gentile]] and used by Italian Fascist leader [[Benito Mussolini]].<ref name="Arblaster"/> The [[Nazis]] supported the concept of authoritarian democracy.<ref name="Von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">{{cite journal|title=The Bohemian Background of German National Socialism: The D.A.P., D.N.S.A.P. and N.S.D.A.P.|first=Erik R.|last=Von Kuehnelt-Leddihn|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=9|issue=3|date=June 1948|pages=339–371|quote=Nazi Germany's propaganda minister [[Joseph Goebbels]] described Nazism as an "authoritarian democracy" on 31 May 1933 in a speech before the press.|jstor=2707374|doi=10.2307/2707374}}</ref><ref name="Blamires">Blamires, Cyprian, ''World Fascism: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1'' (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2006) p. 589.</ref><ref name="Dietrich">[[Donald J. Dietrich]]. ''Catholic citizens in the Third Reich: psycho-social principles and moral reasoning''. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Transaction Publishers, 1988. p. 113.</ref> [[Francisco Franco]]'s quasi-fascist [[Falange Española y de las JONS|Falange]] in Nationalist [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] promoted the concept, but named it "organic democracy" that was based upon national plebiscites issued from the Spanish government to the Spanish people.<ref name="Blinkhorn"/> |
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==Variants== |
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===Fascist and quasi-fascist=== |
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{{Fascism sidebar}} |
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Fascist movements advocate a form of democracy that advocates the rule of the most qualified, rather than rule by a majority of numbers.<ref>Alexander Rudhart. ''Twentieth century Europe''. Lippincott, 1975. p. 444.</ref> |
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[[Maurice Barrès]], who greatly influenced the policies of [[fascism]], claimed that true democracy was authoritarian democracy while rejecting liberal democracy as a fraud.<ref name="Soucy">"Barres and Fascism" by Robert Soucy, ''French Historical Studies'', Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring, 1967), pp. 67-97. Duke University Press. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/285867. pp. 87-90</ref> Barrès claimed that authoritarian democracy involved spiritual connection between a leader of a nation and the nation's people, and that true freedom did not arise from individual rights nor parliamentary restraints, but through "heroic leadership" and "national power".<ref name="Soucy"/> |
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In the fascist and quasi-fascist regimes that governed [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], and [[Spain]] from the 1920s to the 1970s, authoritarian democracy was promoted as an alternative to [[liberal democracy]], multi-party based democracy was dismantled and replaced by [[Corporatism|corporatist]] representation of state-sanctioned [[Corporate group (sociology)|corporate groups]] that would unite people into interest groups to address the state that would act in the interest of the [[general will]] of the nation and thus exercise an orderly form of popular rule.<ref name=Riley>{{cite book|first=Dylan J.|last=Riley|title=The civic foundations of fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870-1945}}</ref>{{rp|4–5}} Italian Fascists argued that this authoritarian democracy is capable of representing the different interests of society that advise the state and the state acts in the interest of the nation.<ref name=Riley/>{{rp|4}} In contrast, fascists denounced liberal democracy for not being truly democratic. From the fascist perspective, elections and parliaments are unable to represent the interests of the nation because they lump together individuals with little in common into geographical districts to vote for an array of parties to represent them, resulting in little unanimity in terms of interests. From this perspective, liberal democracy's multi-party elections merely serve as a means to legitimize elite rule without addressing the interests of the general will of the nation.<ref name=Riley/>{{rp|4}} |
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Hitler denounced parliamentary and pluralistic electoral democracy but he repeatedly invoked democracy to describe Nazism, and called for a "German democracy", once saying "National Socialism is the true realization of democracy" and another time saying "We wild Germans are better democrats than other nations".<ref>Roland N. Stromberg. Democracy: a short, analytical history. Armonk, New York, US: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. pp. 93-94.</ref> Nazi Germany's propaganda minister [[Joseph Goebbels]] described Nazism as an "authoritarian democracy" on 31 May 1933 in a speech before the press.<ref name="Von Kuehnelt-Leddihn"/> Nazi political theorist [[Walter Gerhart]] affirmed the concept of authoritarian democracy as being able to link authority with the people's will that would be the [[anti-thesis]] of [[liberal democracy]] that he claimed lacked authority and divided people in an atomistic society.<ref name="Dietrich"/> [[Jacob Talmon]] identifies as Nazism as promoting a "totalitarian democracy", while W. Martini identifies it as a "hyper-democracy".<ref name="Stromberg"/> What W. Martini claims is that the Nazi regime appealed directly to the masses without institutional and social checks and balances of liberal democracy.<ref name="Stromberg"/>{{Void}} |
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== See also == |
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* [[Dictablanda]] |
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* [[Illiberal democracy]] |
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* [[Ruscism]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Authoritarian types of rule}} |
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[[Category:Authoritarianism]] |
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[[Category:Fascism]] |
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[[Category:Types of democracy]] |
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Revision as of 19:55, 4 August 2023
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