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'''Songkran''' is a [[Thai language|Thai]] word<ref>V. S. Bhaskar, Government of Assam, India. (2009). "Festivals: Songkran", ''Faith & Philosophy of Buddhism''. New Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. 312 pp. {{ISBN|978-817-8-35722-5}}</ref>{{rp|261–262}}<ref>Anouska Komlosy. "Procession and Water Splashing: Expressions of Locality and Nationality during Dai New Year in Xishuangbanna: Songkran", ''The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute'', 10(2). (2004, June). London: [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3804155 JSTOR #i370994]. p. 357.</ref><ref>Prakong Nimmanahaeminda, Academy of Arts, [[Royal Society of Thailand]]. "Myth and Ritual : A Study of the Songkran Festival", ''The Journal of The Royal Society of Thailand'', 29(1–2), (2004, January–March). pp. 345–350.</ref><ref>Malaysia, Jabatan Perpaduan Negara Dan Integrasi Nasional (JPNIN). (1985). [https://search.worldcat.org/title/21156065 ''Festivals and religious occasions in Malaysia'']. (First series). Kuala Lumpur: The National Unity Department of Malaysia, Prime Minister's Dept. 36 pp.</ref>{{rp|26}}<ref>[[Philip Ward|Sir. Philip John Newling Ward, Maj. Gen]]. (1974). "THE SONGKRAN FESTIVAL", ''Bangkok: Portrait of a City''. Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Oleander Press. 136 pp. p. 111. {{ISBN|978-090-2-67544-5}}</ref>, or [[Siamese]] word<ref>Mattiebelle Gittinger Obituary and ‎Lefferts, Jr. H. Leedom. (1992, Jan 1). ''Textiles and the Tai Experience in Southeast Asia: Catalog of an exhibition held at the Textile Museum, Washington, D.C., Oct. 2, 1992–Jan. 3, 1993 and at other museums''. Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University Museum and The Textile Museum (Washington, D.C.). 264 pp. {{ISBN|978-087-4-05031-8}}</ref>{{rp|90:ref:23}}<ref>Thompson, Peter A. (1906). ''Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam''. London: T. Werner Laurie. 312 pp. p. 125</ref><ref>[[William Clifton Dodd]] and [[Isabella Ruth Eakin Dodd]]. (1923). ''The Tai Race, Elder Brother of the Chinese: Results of Experience, Exploration and Research of William Clifton Dodd''. Iowa: Torch Press. 353 pp. p. 287. {{ISBN|978-059-8-77591-7}}</ref>, derived from the Sanskrit word<ref>Oxford Business Group (OBG). (2011). "Water wars: The traditional Thai New Year includes some playful activities", The Report: Thailand 2012. (n.p.): Oxford Business Group. 268 pp. {{ISBN|978-190-7-06563-7}}</ref>{{rp|260}}, ''{{IAST|[[saṅkrānti]]}}'' (or, more specifically, ''{{IAST|meṣha saṅkrānti}}''<ref>Sir W. M. Jones, Asiatic Society (Kolkata, India). (1869). "The Adjustment of the Hindu Calendar; by Babu Pratapachandra Ghosha.", ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. XXXVII (Part II.–Physical Sciense, No. IV.–1868)''. Kolkata, India: Asiatic Society of Bengal.</ref>{{rp|188}}<ref>SEWELL, R., Gustav Schram, R. , and Sankara Balkrishna Dikshit. (1896). "Years and Cycles", ''The Indian Calendar with Tables for the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into A.D. Dates, and vice versa''. LONDON: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd. 169 pp.</ref>{{rp|9,25–31}}<ref>Swamikannu Pillai, Dewan Bahadur L. D. (Lewis Dominic). (1911). ''Indian Chronology (solar, Lunar and Planetary): A Practical Guide to the Interpretation and Verification of Tithis, Nakshatras, Horoscopes and other Indian Time-records. B.C. 1 TO A.D. 2000''. NJ: Grant & Co., Madras. 347 pp.</ref>{{rp|10}}) and used to refer to the traditional [[New Year]] for [[Buddhist calendar]] celebrated in [[Bangladesh]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]], parts of [[northeast India]], parts of [[Vietnam]] and [[Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture|Xishuangbanna]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opentimes.cn/Abstract/1223.html|title=制造传统 关于傣族泼水节及其相关新年话语的研究 |date=February 2010|accessdate=17 January 2017|publisher=Open Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Buddhist%20World%20of%20Southeast%20Asia_Swearer.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316090358/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Buddhist%20World%20of%20Southeast%20Asia_Swearer.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 16, 2015|title=Donald K. Swearer The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia|website=Ahandfulofleaves.org|accessdate=7 January 2019}}</ref> It begins when the sun transits the constellation of [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]], the first [[astrological sign]] in the [[Zodiac]], as reckoned by [[sidereal astrology]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chiangmai-chiangrai.com/origins_of_songkran.html |title=The Origins of the Songkran Festival |access-date=2017-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208032407/http://www.chiangmai-chiangrai.com/origins_of_songkran.html |archive-date=2016-12-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is related to the equivalent [[Hindu calendar]]-based New Year festivals in most parts of South Asia which are collectively referred to as ''[[Mesha Sankranti]]''.
'''Songkran''' is a [[Thai language|Thai]] word<ref>V. S. Bhaskar, Government of Assam, India. (2009). "Festivals: Songkran", ''Faith & Philosophy of Buddhism''. New Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. 312 pp. {{ISBN|978-817-8-35722-5}}</ref>{{rp|261–262}}<ref>Anouska Komlosy. "Procession and Water Splashing: Expressions of Locality and Nationality during Dai New Year in Xishuangbanna: Songkran", ''The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute'', 10(2). (2004, June). London: [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3804155 JSTOR #i370994]. p. 357.</ref><ref>Prakong Nimmanahaeminda, Academy of Arts, [[Royal Society of Thailand]]. "Myth and Ritual : A Study of the Songkran Festival", ''The Journal of The Royal Society of Thailand'', 29(1–2), (2004, January–March). pp. 345–350.</ref><ref>Malaysia, Jabatan Perpaduan Negara Dan Integrasi Nasional (JPNIN). (1985). [https://search.worldcat.org/title/21156065 ''Festivals and religious occasions in Malaysia'']. (First series). Kuala Lumpur: The National Unity Department of Malaysia, Prime Minister's Dept. 36 pp.</ref>{{rp|26}}<ref>[[Philip Ward|Sir. Philip John Newling Ward, Maj. Gen]]. (1974). "THE SONGKRAN FESTIVAL", ''Bangkok: Portrait of a City''. Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Oleander Press. 136 pp. p. 111. {{ISBN|978-090-2-67544-5}}</ref>, or [[Siamese]] word<ref>Mattiebelle Gittinger Obituary and ‎Lefferts, Jr. H. Leedom. (1992, Jan 1). ''Textiles and the Tai Experience in Southeast Asia: Catalog of an exhibition held at the Textile Museum, Washington, D.C., Oct. 2, 1992–Jan. 3, 1993 and at other museums''. Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University Museum and The Textile Museum (Washington, D.C.). 264 pp. {{ISBN|978-087-4-05031-8}}</ref>{{rp|90:ref:23}}<ref>Thompson, Peter A. (1906). ''Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam''. London: T. Werner Laurie. 312 pp. p. 125</ref><ref>[[William Clifton Dodd]] and [[Isabella Ruth Eakin Dodd]]. (1923). ''The Tai Race, Elder Brother of the Chinese: Results of Experience, Exploration and Research of William Clifton Dodd''. Iowa: Torch Press. 353 pp. p. 287. {{ISBN|978-059-8-77591-7}}</ref>, derived from the Sanskrit word<ref>Oxford Business Group (OBG). (2011). "Water wars: The traditional Thai New Year includes some playful activities", The Report: Thailand 2012. (n.p.): Oxford Business Group. 268 pp. {{ISBN|978-190-7-06563-7}}</ref>{{rp|260}}, ''{{IAST|[[saṅkrānti]]}}'' (or, more specifically, ''{{IAST|meṣha saṅkrānti}}''<ref>Sir W. M. Jones, Asiatic Society (Kolkata, India). (1869). "The Adjustment of the Hindu Calendar; by Babu Pratapachandra Ghosha.", ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. XXXVII (Part II.–Physical Sciense, No. IV.–1868)''. Kolkata, India: Asiatic Society of Bengal.</ref>{{rp|188}}<ref>SEWELL, R., Gustav Schram, R. , and Sankara Balkrishna Dikshit. (1896). "Years and Cycles", ''The Indian Calendar with Tables for the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into A.D. Dates, and vice versa''. LONDON: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd. 169 pp.</ref>{{rp|9,25–31}}<ref>Swamikannu Pillai, Dewan Bahadur L. D. (Lewis Dominic). (1911). ''Indian Chronology (solar, Lunar and Planetary): A Practical Guide to the Interpretation and Verification of Tithis, Nakshatras, Horoscopes and other Indian Time-records. B.C. 1 TO A.D. 2000''. NJ: Grant & Co., Madras. 347 pp.</ref>{{rp|10}}) and used to refer to the traditional [[New Year]] for [[Buddhist calendar]] celebrated in [[Bangladesh]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]], parts of [[northeast India]], parts of [[Vietnam]] and [[Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture|Xishuangbanna]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opentimes.cn/Abstract/1223.html|title=制造传统 关于傣族泼水节及其相关新年话语的研究 |date=February 2010|accessdate=17 January 2017|publisher=Open Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Buddhist%20World%20of%20Southeast%20Asia_Swearer.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316090358/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Buddhist%20World%20of%20Southeast%20Asia_Swearer.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 16, 2015|title=Donald K. Swearer The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia|website=Ahandfulofleaves.org|accessdate=7 January 2019}}</ref> It begins when the sun transits the constellation of [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]], the first [[astrological sign]] in the [[Zodiac]], as reckoned by [[sidereal astrology]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chiangmai-chiangrai.com/origins_of_songkran.html |title=The Origins of the Songkran Festival |access-date=2017-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208032407/http://www.chiangmai-chiangrai.com/origins_of_songkran.html |archive-date=2016-12-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is related to the equivalent [[Hindu calendar]]-based New Year festivals in most parts of South Asia which are collectively referred to as ''[[Mesha Sankranti]]''.SONGKRAN OF CAMBODIA .


== History ==
== History ==

Revision as of 02:19, 14 April 2024

Songkran
Official nameDifferent names denote the festival across South and Southeast Asia
Regional names
  • သင်္ကြန် (Burmese)
  • មហាសង្ក្រាន្ត (Khmer)
  • ປີໃໝ່ (Lao)
  • 泼水节 (Mandarin)
  • संक्रांति (Sanskrit)
  • අලුත් අවුරුද්ද (Sinhalese)
  • มหาสงกรานต์ (Thai)
Also calledSoutheast Asian New Year
Observed byBurmese, Cambodian, Dais, Laotians, Thais, Bangladeshis (CHT), Sri Lankans, Tai Dam and certain ethnic groups of northeast India
SignificanceMarks the new year
DateGenerally 13–15 April
2024 dateGenerally 13–15 April
FrequencyAnnual
Related toMesha Sankranti
Songkran celebrations
Paying respects to elders is important in many Songkran celebrations, such as those in Songkran Thailand.
As Thingyan in Myanmar; water throwing is a cleansing ritual of many Songkran celebrations.
As Choul Chnam Thmey in Cambodia; pouring water on Buddha is important in SE Asia. Often known as blessing in Cambodia
As Aluth Avuruddu in Sri Lanka; the blossoming of the Erythrina fusca symbolizes the advent of the New Year in Sri Lanka.
As Pii Mai in Laos.
Ancestor altars are common during New Year celebrations in Cambodia and Thailand.
Songkran celebrations involve a variety of diverse traditions practiced in the many countries and regions that celebrate the traditional New Year festival

Songkran is a Thai word[2]: 261–262 [3][4][5]: 26 [6], or Siamese word[7]: 90:ref:23 [8][9], derived from the Sanskrit word[10]: 260 , saṅkrānti (or, more specifically, meṣha saṅkrānti[11]: 188 [12]: 9, 25–31 [13]: 10 ) and used to refer to the traditional New Year for Buddhist calendar celebrated in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, parts of northeast India, parts of Vietnam and Xishuangbanna, China.[14][15] It begins when the sun transits the constellation of Aries, the first astrological sign in the Zodiac, as reckoned by sidereal astrology.[16] It is related to the equivalent Hindu calendar-based New Year festivals in most parts of South Asia which are collectively referred to as Mesha Sankranti.SONGKRAN OF CAMBODIA .

History

Songkran New Year Festivals

Festivities outside of Asia

Australia

Songkran celebrations are held in many parts of the country. One of the most notable celebrations is at the Wat Pa Buddharangsee Buddhist Temple in the Sydney suburb of Leumeah, New South Wales. The festival attracts thousands of visitors each year and involves a water fight, daily prayer, dance performances and food stalls which serve food of Thai, Bangladesh (CHT), Burmese, Cambodian, Laotian, Sri Lankan and Malaysian origin.[19][20] In 2014, the celebration was attended by more than 2000 people.[21] Similarly in the same suburb, the Mahamakut Buddhist Foundation organizes a Songkran celebration featuring chanting, blessing, a short sermon, a fund raising food fete and Southeast Asian traditional dances.[22] Large scale Thai New Year (Songkran) celebrations are held in Thai Town, Sydney in the popular tourist suburb of Haymarket, New South Wales.[23] In Melbourne, the Sinhalese (Sri Lankan) New Year festival is held annually in Dandenong, Victoria.[24] In 2011, it attracted more than 5000 people and claims to be the largest Sinhalese New Year Festival in Melbourne.[25] The Queen Victoria Market held a two-day Songkran event celebrating the Thai New Year in early April 2017.[26] Songkran celebrations celebrating the Thai, Cambodian, Lao, Burmese and Sri Lankan New Year festivals are well known and popular among the residents of the Sydney suburb of Cabramatta, New South Wales which is home to large populations of Cambodians, Laotians and Thais.[27] Temples and organisations hold celebrations across the suburb including a large Lao New Year celebration in the neighbouring suburb of Bonnyrigg organised in partnership with the Fairfield City Council.[28][29] In the Melbourne suburb of Footscray, Victoria a Lunar New Year celebration initially focusing on the Vietnamese New Year has expanded into a celebration of the Songkran celebrations of the Thais, Cambodians, Laotians and other Asian Australian communities such as Chinese who celebrate the New Year in either January/February or April.[30] Taronga Zoo in Sydney, New South Wales celebrated the Thai New Year in April 2016 with its Asian elephants and traditional Thai dancers.[31]

United States

Songkran celebrations often occur in cities which host large Sri Lankan, Thai, Burmese, Laotian and Cambodian populations. The UW Khmer Student Association hosts a new year celebration at the University of Washington in Seattle. The White Center Cambodian New Year Street Festival is held at the Golden House Bakery & Deli in Seattle.[32] The Los Angeles Buddhist Vihara in Pasadena, California celebrates the Songkran festival with a focus on the Sri Lankan New Year. The Brahma Vihara in Azusa, California also holds celebrations with a Burmese New Year focus.[33] The International Lao New Year Festival is held annually in San Francisco and celebrates the Lao New Year with acknowledgment of other Asian communities, Thai, Cambodian, Burmese, Sri Lankan and the Dai people of southern China, who also celebrate the same festival.[34] In February 2015, the Freer and Sackler gallery in Washington D.C. held a Lunar New Year event celebrating the "Year of the Sheep" which also celebrated the Lunar New Year that occurs in mid-April for many other Asian countries. It included activities, information and food from China, Korea, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and other Asian countries that celebrated either of the two new year celebrations.[35] Similarly in 2016, The Wing in Seattle held a Lunar New Year celebration centered around the East Asian Lunar New Year however also focused on New Year customs in Laos as part of its "New Years All Year Round" exhibit.[36]

Notes

  1. ^ In the Dai zodiac, the elephant is the twelfth zodiac and thus will be considered the "Year of the Elephant".[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Chinese Zodiac". Warriortours.com. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  2. ^ V. S. Bhaskar, Government of Assam, India. (2009). "Festivals: Songkran", Faith & Philosophy of Buddhism. New Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. 312 pp. ISBN 978-817-8-35722-5
  3. ^ Anouska Komlosy. "Procession and Water Splashing: Expressions of Locality and Nationality during Dai New Year in Xishuangbanna: Songkran", The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 10(2). (2004, June). London: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. JSTOR #i370994. p. 357.
  4. ^ Prakong Nimmanahaeminda, Academy of Arts, Royal Society of Thailand. "Myth and Ritual : A Study of the Songkran Festival", The Journal of The Royal Society of Thailand, 29(1–2), (2004, January–March). pp. 345–350.
  5. ^ Malaysia, Jabatan Perpaduan Negara Dan Integrasi Nasional (JPNIN). (1985). Festivals and religious occasions in Malaysia. (First series). Kuala Lumpur: The National Unity Department of Malaysia, Prime Minister's Dept. 36 pp.
  6. ^ Sir. Philip John Newling Ward, Maj. Gen. (1974). "THE SONGKRAN FESTIVAL", Bangkok: Portrait of a City. Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Oleander Press. 136 pp. p. 111. ISBN 978-090-2-67544-5
  7. ^ Mattiebelle Gittinger Obituary and ‎Lefferts, Jr. H. Leedom. (1992, Jan 1). Textiles and the Tai Experience in Southeast Asia: Catalog of an exhibition held at the Textile Museum, Washington, D.C., Oct. 2, 1992–Jan. 3, 1993 and at other museums. Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University Museum and The Textile Museum (Washington, D.C.). 264 pp. ISBN 978-087-4-05031-8
  8. ^ Thompson, Peter A. (1906). Lotus Land: Being an Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam. London: T. Werner Laurie. 312 pp. p. 125
  9. ^ William Clifton Dodd and Isabella Ruth Eakin Dodd. (1923). The Tai Race, Elder Brother of the Chinese: Results of Experience, Exploration and Research of William Clifton Dodd. Iowa: Torch Press. 353 pp. p. 287. ISBN 978-059-8-77591-7
  10. ^ Oxford Business Group (OBG). (2011). "Water wars: The traditional Thai New Year includes some playful activities", The Report: Thailand 2012. (n.p.): Oxford Business Group. 268 pp. ISBN 978-190-7-06563-7
  11. ^ Sir W. M. Jones, Asiatic Society (Kolkata, India). (1869). "The Adjustment of the Hindu Calendar; by Babu Pratapachandra Ghosha.", Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. XXXVII (Part II.–Physical Sciense, No. IV.–1868). Kolkata, India: Asiatic Society of Bengal.
  12. ^ SEWELL, R., Gustav Schram, R. , and Sankara Balkrishna Dikshit. (1896). "Years and Cycles", The Indian Calendar with Tables for the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into A.D. Dates, and vice versa. LONDON: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd. 169 pp.
  13. ^ Swamikannu Pillai, Dewan Bahadur L. D. (Lewis Dominic). (1911). Indian Chronology (solar, Lunar and Planetary): A Practical Guide to the Interpretation and Verification of Tithis, Nakshatras, Horoscopes and other Indian Time-records. B.C. 1 TO A.D. 2000. NJ: Grant & Co., Madras. 347 pp.
  14. ^ "制造传统 关于傣族泼水节及其相关新年话语的研究". Open Times. February 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  15. ^ "Donald K. Swearer The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia" (PDF). Ahandfulofleaves.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  16. ^ "The Origins of the Songkran Festival". Archived from the original on 2016-12-08. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
  17. ^ Planet, Lonely (21 March 2011). "The Dai water-splashing festival: where China meets Southeast Asia". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  18. ^ "Sawatdee Pee Mai (Happy New Year) to all our devoted wet readers - Pattaya Daily News". Archived from the original on 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
  19. ^ "Songkran - Sth East Asian New Year Fete - Travel Blog". Travelblog.org. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  20. ^ "Celebrate: Songkran". Sbs.com.au. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  21. ^ Partridge, Amanda (28 April 2014). "Buddhists celebrate New Year". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  22. ^ "Mahamakut Ragawithayalai Foundation - Wat Pa Buddharangsee Buddhist Forest Monastery". Mahamakut.org.au. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  23. ^ "Sydney Haymarket & China Brochure" (PDF). Haymarketchamber.org.au. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  24. ^ "Home". Greater Dandenong Council. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  25. ^ "Sinhalese New Year". Dandenong.starcommunity.com.au. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  26. ^ "Thai Songkran New Year Festival - City of Melbourne". 26 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  27. ^ Thang Ngo (14 April 2013). "Lao, Khmer, Thai New Year 2013 in Sydney". Noodlies.com. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  28. ^ "Lao New Year Festival 2015 - AMUST". Amust.com.au. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  29. ^ "New Leaf" (PDF). Newleafcommunitites.com.au. 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  30. ^ "East Meets West Lunar New Year Festival - Maribyrnong City Council". 7 January 2017. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  31. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-12-30. Retrieved 2016-12-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  32. ^ ago, Rosin Saez • 3 years (12 April 2016). "April Marks The New Year For Southeast Asians". Ethnicseattle.com. Retrieved 7 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ "Wisdom Quarterly: American Buddhist Journal: Happy Southeast Asian Buddhist New Year!". Wisdomquarterly.blogspot.com. 13 April 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  34. ^ "International Lao New Year Festival - About ILNYF". Archived from the original on 2017-01-02. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  35. ^ "Celebrate the Lunar New Year at Freer-Sackler". Bento.si.edu. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  36. ^ "Family Programs > Wing Luke Museum". 2 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
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