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{{Refimprove|date=May 2010}} __NOTOC__
[[File:Australopithecus sediba.JPG|thumbnail|''Australopithecus sediba'']]
[[File:Australopithecus sediba.JPG|thumbnail|''Australopithecus sediba'']]
The term '''australopithecine''' refers generally to any species in the related [[genus|genera]] ''[[Australopithecus]]'' (some of which are sometimes placed in ''[[Praeanthropus]]'') and ''[[Paranthropus]]'' (sometimes [[synonym]]ized with ''Australopithecus''). This may also include ''[[Kenyanthropus]]''. These genera occurred in the [[Plio-Pleistocene]] era, and were [[bipedal]] and dentally similar to humans, but with a brain size not much larger than modern apes, with lesser [[encephalization]] than in the genus ''[[Homo]]''.{{Sfn|Mai|Owl|Kersting|2005|p=45}}
The term '''australopithecine''' refers generally to any species in the related [[genus|genera]] of ''[[Australopithecus]]'' and ''[[Paranthropus]]''. It may also include members of ''[[Kenyanthropus]]'',{{Sfn|Wood|2010|p=}} ''[[Ardipithecus]]'',{{Sfn|Wood|2010|p=}} and ''[[Praeanthropus]]''.{{Sfn|Cela-Conde|Ayala|2003|p=}} The term comes from a former classification as members of a distinct subfamily, the Australopithecinae.{{Sfn|Kottak|2004|p=}} They are now classified within the '''Australopithecina''' subtribe of the [[Hominini]] [[tribe (biology)|tribe]].{{Sfn|Wood|Richmond|2000|p=}}{{Sfn|Briggs|Crowther|2008|p=124}} The australopithecines occurred in the [[Plio-Pleistocene]] era, and were [[bipedal]] and dentally similar to humans, but with a brain size not much larger than modern apes, with lesser [[encephalization]] than in the genus ''[[Homo]]''.{{Sfn|Mai|Owl|Kersting|2005|p=45}}


== Phylogeny ==
They are classified within the '''Australopithecina''' subtribe of the [[Hominini]] [[tribe (biology)|tribe]].{{Sfn|Wood|Richmond|2000|p=}}{{Sfn|Wood|2010|p=}} They appeared in the [[Pliocene]]:
Phylogeny of subtribe Australopithecina according to {{Harvnb|Briggs|Crowther|2008|p=124}}.
*Australopithecina
**''[[Australopithecus]]''
***''[[A. afarensis]]''
***''[[Australopithecus africanus|A. africanus]]''
***''[[A. anamensis]]''
***''[[A. bahrelghazali]]''
***''[[A. garhi]]''
**''[[Paranthropus]]''
***''[[P. robustus]]''
***''[[P. boisei]]''
***''[[P. aethiopicus]]''
**''[[Ardipithecus]]''
***''[[A. ramidus]]''


⚫
''Australopithecus'' is sometimes referred to as the "gracile australopithecines", while ''Paranthropus'' are also called the "robust australopithecines".<ref name="notes">{{Harvnb|Mai|Owl|Kersting|2005|p=}} While there are spedific discussions of these terms, description and definition of is found throughout the text, as they relate to various fossils and taxonomic debates, etc.</ref>
* ''Australopithecus'', appeared about 4 million years ago;
* ''Kenyanthropus'', appeared about 3.5 million years ago.
* ''Paranthropus'', appeared about 2.7 million years ago.

⚫
When used alone, the term refers to these genera together. ''Australopithecus'' is sometimes referred to as the "gracile (slender) australopithecines", while ''Paranthropus'' are also called the "robust australopithecines".<ref name="notes">{{Harvnb|Mai|Owl|Kersting|2005|p=}} While there are spedific discussions of these terms, description and definition of is found throughout the text, as they relate to various fossils and taxonomic debates, etc.</ref>


A possible ancestor of the australopithecines is the genus ''[[Ardipithecus]]'', which lived in East Africa. The genus ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' ([[human]]s, which appear about 2.4 million years ago with ''[[Homo habilis]]'') may be descended from australopithecine ancestors.
A possible ancestor of the australopithecines is the genus ''[[Ardipithecus]]'', which lived in East Africa. The genus ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' ([[human]]s, which appear about 2.4 million years ago with ''[[Homo habilis]]'') may be descended from australopithecine ancestors.
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==References==
==References==

*<!-- Briggs|Crowther|2008 -->{{Cite book | editor1-last = Briggs | editor1-first = D. | editor2-first = P. R. | editor2-last = Crowther | title = Palaeobiology II | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780470999288
| pages = 600 | ref = harv}}

*<!-- Cela-Conde|Ayala|2003 -->{{Cite doi | 10.1073/pnas.0832372100}}

*<!-- Kottak|2004 -->{{Cite book | last = Kottak | first = C. P. | year = 2004 | chapter = Glossary | title = Cultural Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity | edition = 10th | chapterurl = http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072832258/student_view0/glossary.html | publisher = McGraw-Hill | isbn = 978-0072832259 | ref = harv}}


*<!-- Mai|Owl|Kersting|2005 -->{{Cite book | year = 2005 | first1 = L. L. | last1 = Mai | first2 = M. Y. | last2 = Owl | first3 = M. P. | last3 = Kersting | title = The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution | page = 45 | location = Cambridge & New York | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-66486-8 | ref = harv}}
*<!-- Mai|Owl|Kersting|2005 -->{{Cite book | year = 2005 | first1 = L. L. | last1 = Mai | first2 = M. Y. | last2 = Owl | first3 = M. P. | last3 = Kersting | title = The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution | page = 45 | location = Cambridge & New York | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-66486-8 | ref = harv}}

Revision as of 11:18, 26 March 2013

Australopithecus sediba

The term australopithecine refers generally to any species in the related genera of Australopithecus and Paranthropus. It may also include members of Kenyanthropus,[1] Ardipithecus,[1] and Praeanthropus.[2] The term comes from a former classification as members of a distinct subfamily, the Australopithecinae.[3] They are now classified within the Australopithecina subtribe of the Hominini tribe.[4][5] The australopithecines occurred in the Plio-Pleistocene era, and were bipedal and dentally similar to humans, but with a brain size not much larger than modern apes, with lesser encephalization than in the genus Homo.[6]

Phylogeny

Phylogeny of subtribe Australopithecina according to Briggs & Crowther 2008, p. 124.

Australopithecus is sometimes referred to as the "gracile australopithecines", while Paranthropus are also called the "robust australopithecines".[7]

A possible ancestor of the australopithecines is the genus Ardipithecus, which lived in East Africa. The genus Homo (humans, which appear about 2.4 million years ago with Homo habilis) may be descended from australopithecine ancestors.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Wood 2010.
  2. ^ Cela-Conde & Ayala 2003.
  3. ^ Kottak 2004.
  4. ^ Wood & Richmond 2000.
  5. ^ Briggs & Crowther 2008, p. 124.
  6. ^ Mai, Owl & Kersting 2005, p. 45.
  7. ^ Mai, Owl & Kersting 2005 While there are spedific discussions of these terms, description and definition of is found throughout the text, as they relate to various fossils and taxonomic debates, etc.

References

  • Briggs, D.; Crowther, P. R., eds. (2008). Palaeobiology II. John Wiley & Sons. p. 600. ISBN 9780470999288. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1073/pnas.0832372100, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0832372100 instead.
  • Kottak, C. P. (2004). "Glossary". Cultural Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0072832259. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Mai, L. L.; Owl, M. Y.; Kersting, M. P. (2005). The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-521-66486-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1073/pnas.1001649107, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi= 10.1073/pnas.1001649107 instead.
  • Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi= 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x instead.

External links

Look up australopithecine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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