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Flamma (lit. The Flame) was a Syrian gladiator under the Roman Empire during the reign of Hadrian. He was one of the most famous and successful of his time.

History

How Flamma ended up as a gladiator is unknown. He was a revolutionary Syrian.^{[citation needed]} He was most likely forced into slavery and then into a gladiator school. He fought as a secutor, a class of gladiators in Rome. His common opponents were thus retiarii. Fighters were granted retirement or freedom if they showed great skill and bravery; in doing so they were rewarded with a wooden baton known as rudius. Flamma was awarded the rudius four times, but each time he refused this freedom and chose to remain a gladiator.^[1]^[2] The number of fights Flamma engaged in is higher than most gladiators. Many have lower numbers like Purricina Iuvenus (ILS 5107) who fought 5 times or Glaucus of Modena (ILS 5121) who fought 7 times. Flamma had fought 34 times and won 21 of them.^[3] He also achieved old age for a gladiator, dying at age 30 while many died in their early 20s.^[4]

His gravestone in Sicily includes his record and reads in Latin:^[5]

Flamma s[e]c(utor) vix(it) ann(os) XXX / pugna(vi)t XXXIIII vicit XXI / stans VIIII mis(sus) IIII nat(ione) Syrus / hui(c) Delicatus coarmio merenti fecit.

Which translates as: "Flamma, secutor, lived 30 years, fought 34 times, won 21 times, fought to a draw 9 times, won reprieve 4 times, a Syrian by nationality. Delicatus (a gladiator) made this for his deserving comrade-in-arms."

References

^ Hanel, Rachael (2007). Gladiators. The Creative Company. ISBN 978-1-58341-535-1.
^ Institute, Bathroom Readers' (2012-08-15). Uncle John's Bathroom Reader History's Lists. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-60710-664-7.
^ Carter, Michael (2003). "Gladiatorial Ranking and the "SC de Pretiis Gladiatorum Minuendis" (CIL II 6278 = ILS 5163)". Classical Association of Canada. 57 (1/2): 83–114. doi:10.2307/3648490. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
^ Hope, Valerie (2000). "Fighting for Identity: The funerary commemoration of Italian Gladiators". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement, No. 73, THE EPIGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE OF ROMAN ITALY. 73: 93–113. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
^ "Flamma's Gravestone". Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss / Slaby EDCS. Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss / Slaby EDCS. Retrieved 7 January 2021.

[1] Hanel, Rachael (2007). Gladiators. The Creative Company. ISBN 978-1-58341-535-1.

[2] Institute, Bathroom Readers' (2012-08-15). Uncle John's Bathroom Reader History's Lists. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-60710-664-7.

[3] Carter, Michael (2003). "Gladiatorial Ranking and the "SC de Pretiis Gladiatorum Minuendis" (CIL II 6278 = ILS 5163)". Classical Association of Canada. 57 (1/2): 83–114. doi:10.2307/3648490. Retrieved 7 January 2021.

[4] Hope, Valerie (2000). "Fighting for Identity: The funerary commemoration of Italian Gladiators". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement, No. 73, THE EPIGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE OF ROMAN ITALY. 73: 93–113. Retrieved 7 January 2021.

[5] "Flamma's Gravestone". Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss / Slaby EDCS. Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss / Slaby EDCS. Retrieved 7 January 2021.

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 == History ==
-How Flamma ended up as a gladiator is unknown. He may have been a revolutionary Syrian or a dissatisfied [[auxilia|Roman auxiliary]].{{cn|date=February 2024}} He was most likely forced into slavery and then into a [[gladiator school]]. He fought as a ''[[secutor]]'', a class of gladiators in Rome. His common opponents were thus ''[[retiarius|retiarii]]''. Fighters were granted retirement or freedom if they showed great skill and bravery; in doing so they were rewarded with a wooden baton known as ''rudius''. Flamma was awarded the ''rudius'' four times, but each time he refused this freedom and chose to remain a gladiator.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanel|first=Rachael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUoLHH7dFLUC&q=flamma+gladiator&pg=PA31|title=Gladiators|date=2007|publisher=The Creative Company|isbn=978-1-58341-535-1|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Institute|first=Bathroom Readers'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NilZDwAAQBAJ&q=flamma+gladiator&pg=PT412|title=Uncle John's Bathroom Reader History's Lists|date=2012-08-15|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-60710-664-7|language=en}}</ref> The number of fights Flamma engaged in is higher than most gladiators. Many have lower numbers like Purricina Iuvenus (ILS 5107) who fought 5 times or Glaucus of Modena (ILS 5121) who fought 7 times. Flamma had fought 34 times and won 21 of them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=Michael |title=Gladiatorial Ranking and the "SC de Pretiis Gladiatorum Minuendis" (CIL II 6278 = ILS 5163) |journal=Classical Association of Canada |date=2003 |volume=57 |issue=1/2 |pages=83–114 |doi=10.2307/3648490 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3648490 |access-date=7 January 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He also achieved old age for a gladiator, dying at age 30 while many died in their early 20s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Valerie |title=Fighting for Identity: The funerary commemoration of Italian Gladiators |journal=Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement, No. 73, THE EPIGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE OF ROMAN ITALY |date=2000 |volume=73 |pages=93–113 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43767700 |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
+How Flamma ended up as a gladiator is unknown. He was a revolutionary Syrian.{{cn|date=February 2024}} He was most likely forced into slavery and then into a [[gladiator school]]. He fought as a ''[[secutor]]'', a class of gladiators in Rome. His common opponents were thus ''[[retiarius|retiarii]]''. Fighters were granted retirement or freedom if they showed great skill and bravery; in doing so they were rewarded with a wooden baton known as ''rudius''. Flamma was awarded the ''rudius'' four times, but each time he refused this freedom and chose to remain a gladiator.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanel|first=Rachael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUoLHH7dFLUC&q=flamma+gladiator&pg=PA31|title=Gladiators|date=2007|publisher=The Creative Company|isbn=978-1-58341-535-1|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Institute|first=Bathroom Readers'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NilZDwAAQBAJ&q=flamma+gladiator&pg=PT412|title=Uncle John's Bathroom Reader History's Lists|date=2012-08-15|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-60710-664-7|language=en}}</ref> The number of fights Flamma engaged in is higher than most gladiators. Many have lower numbers like Purricina Iuvenus (ILS 5107) who fought 5 times or Glaucus of Modena (ILS 5121) who fought 7 times. Flamma had fought 34 times and won 21 of them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=Michael |title=Gladiatorial Ranking and the "SC de Pretiis Gladiatorum Minuendis" (CIL II 6278 = ILS 5163) |journal=Classical Association of Canada |date=2003 |volume=57 |issue=1/2 |pages=83–114 |doi=10.2307/3648490 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3648490 |access-date=7 January 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He also achieved old age for a gladiator, dying at age 30 while many died in their early 20s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Valerie |title=Fighting for Identity: The funerary commemoration of Italian Gladiators |journal=Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement, No. 73, THE EPIGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE OF ROMAN ITALY |date=2000 |volume=73 |pages=93–113 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43767700 |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
 His gravestone in [[Sicily]] includes his record and reads in [[Latin]]:<ref>{{cite web |title=Flamma's Gravestone |url=http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/partner.php?s_language=en&param=cil10_p758;CO0068815;is0552;de_21dessuoft%23page/302/mode/2up;N170437 |website=Epigraphik-Datenbank  Clauss / Slaby EDCS |publisher=Epigraphik-Datenbank  Clauss / Slaby EDCS |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>