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Undid revision 1222928564 by Cali Farah (talk) rv unexplained removal of well-sourced information and addition of unsourced and unreliably sourced information; as before, please do not edit war but discuss on the talk page to gain wp:consensus
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{{Short description|Legendary forefather of Somali clans}}
{{Short description|Legendary forefather of Somali clans}}
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{{pp-pc|small=yes}}'''Samaale''', also spelled '''Samali''' or '''Samale''' ({{lang-so|Samaale}}) is traditionally considered to be the ancestor from whom all Somali clans descended. His name is the source of the [[ethnonym]] ''Somali''.
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
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'''Samaale''', also spelled '''Samali''' or '''Samale''' ({{lang-so|Samaale}}) is traditionally considered to be the oldest common forefather of several major [[Somali clan]]s and their respective sub-clans. His name is the source of the [[ethnonym]] ''Somali''.<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13">{{harvnb|Lewis|1961|pp=11–13}}.</ref>


<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–132">{{harvnb|Lewis|1961|pp=11–13}}.</ref>
As the purported ancestor of most [[pastoralism|pastoralist]] clans living in the northern part of [[Somalia]], Samaale lies at the basis of the largest and most widespread Somali lineage (the second largest lineage belonging to Samaale's brother [[Sab (clan)|Sab]], the purported progenitor of most southern, cultivating clans).<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" /> The main branches of the Samaale clan are the [[Dir (clan)|Dir]], the [[Hawiye]], the [[Isaaq]], the [[Darod]], and the 'pre-Hawiya' group (containing the [[Gardhere|Gardere]], the [[Yakabur]], and the [[Mayle (Somali clan)|Mayle]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Abbink|2009|p=11}}. Some of the sub-clans belonging to the 'pre-Hawiya' group are today regarded as rather belonging to the Hawiye; see Abbink 2009, p. 30.</ref>

Both the Samaale and the Sab claim to be ultimately descended from the [[Arab]] clan of the [[Quraysh]] through [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib]] ({{circa|580 – 670 or 683}}), a cousin of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] and older brother of [[Ali]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|1961|pp=11–13}}; cf. {{harvnb|Lewis|1994|pp=104–105}}.</ref> Although these claims of descent are historically untenable, they do reflect the longstanding cultural contacts between Somalia (especially, though not exclusively, its most northern part [[Somaliland]]) and [[South Arabia|Southern Arabia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|1994|pp=102–106, esp. p. 105}}. Cf. the attempt at a historical reconstruction of Somali clan genealogy by {{harvnb|Abbink|2009}}, which does not even mention any Arab ancestry, but rather starts with Sab and Samaale (see p. 10).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=David |date=1967 |title=Imperialism Ancient and Modern: A Study of British Attitudes to the Claims to Sovereignty to the Northern Somali Coastline. |url=https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/6139/1/15_Imperialism%20Ancient%20and%20Modern_a%20study%20of%20British%20attitudes%20to%20the%20claims%20to%20Sovereignty%20to%20the%20Northern%20Somali%20coastline.pdf |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |pages=12}}</ref>

== History ==
The progenitor Samaale is generally regarded as the source of the [[ethnonym]] ''Somali''. Others state that the word Somali is derived from the words ''soo'' and ''maal'', which together mean "go and milk"—a reference to the ubiquitous [[pastoralism]] of the [[Somali people]]. Another [[etymology]] proposes that the term ''Somali'' is derived from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] for "wealthy" (''zāwamāl''), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" />

Just like the descendants of the other main Somali clan progenitor [[Sab (clan)|Sab]], the clans tracing their lineage to Samaale claim that their forefather was himself a descendant of the Arab [[Banu Hashim]] clan (a sub-clan of the [[Quraysh]]), through [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib]], a cousin of Muhammad and older brother of [[Ali]].<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" /><ref name="Bader2000">{{harvnb|Bader|2000|p=85}}: "Les Samaale disent ainsi descendre de la tribu mecquoise de Quraysh par l'intermédiaire de Hill, fils de Mohamed Yow, fils de Mohamed 'Abdurahman, fils de 'Aqîl, fils de Abu Tâlib, fils de 'Abd al Muttalib, le grand-père du Prophète Mahomet."</ref> According to the British anthropologist and [[Somali Studies]] veteran [[Ioan M. Lewis]], the traditions of descent from noble Arab families related to Muhammad embraced by most Somali clans are most probably [[Figure of speech|figurative]] expressions of the importance of [[Islam]] in Somali society.<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|1961|pp=128–129}}; {{harvnb|Lewis|1994|pp=104–105}}.</ref>

The [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|paternal genetics]] of ethnic [[Somalis]] are inconsistent with a [[History of Islam|post-Islamic]] common [[Most recent common ancestor|TMRCA]] (time to most recent common ancestor) and with a post-Islamic paternal Arabian origin for the majority of the ethnicity.<ref>{{harvnb|Sanchez|Hallenberg|Børsting|Hernandez|Morling|2005}}.</ref> The majority of Somalis have a TMRCA between 4,000-2,000 years before present in the [[Bronze Age]].<ref>{{harvnb|Sanchez|Hallenberg|Børsting|Hernandez|Morling|2005}}; cf. {{Cite web|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y18629/|title=E-Y18629 YTree|website=www.yfull.com|access-date=2019-09-09}} and {{Cite web|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/T-Y45591/|title=T-Y45591 YTree|website=www.yfull.com|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>


== Genealogy ==
== Genealogy ==
According to traditional Somali genealogy, Samaale son of Hiil is descendant of Mizraim son of Ham.
The claimed descent of Samaale from the Banu Hashim is as follows: Samaale was the son of Hill, the son of Muhammad Yow, the son of Muhammad Abd al-Rahman, the son of [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib|Aqil]], the son of [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] (paternal uncle of the [[Muhammad|Islamic prophet Muhammad]]), the son of [[Abd al-Muttalib]] (paternal grandfather of Muhammad).<ref name="Bader2000" />

Samaale's father Hill is also thought of as the father of Sab, the progenitor of most southern Somali clans (most notably the [[Rahanweyn]]).<ref name="Lewis1961pp11–13" />


Samaale had nine sons: Irir, Maqare, Gardere, Mayle, Gare, Hamare, Garire, Harire, and Yahabur. These sons are revered as the ancestors from whom all Somali clans descended.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=أحمد عيدروس |first=د. اسامة |date=2017-05-09 |title=التكتلات الإقليمية في أفريقيا من منظُور تاريخي |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/oiuj.v13i1.1643 |journal=Omdurman Islamic University Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=425–464 |doi=10.52981/oiuj.v13i1.1643 |issn=1858-6198}}</ref>
Constructing and reconstructing [[genealogical]] tables according to changing political and economical alliances is an important part of Somali culture, epitomized by the saying ''tol waa tolane'', meaning 'clan is something joined together'.<ref>{{harvnb|Abbink|2009|pp=1–2}}.</ref> One of multiple possible tables used by scholars to sketch the main outlines of Somali clan genealogy is as follows:<ref>{{harvnb|Abbink|2009|p=10}}.</ref>
[[File:Somali genealogical tree.png|thumb|252x252px|Somali genealogical tree (written in Somali)]]
One of multiple possible tables used by scholars to sketch the main outlines of Somali clan genealogy is as follows:<ref>{{harvnb|Abbink|2009|p=10}}.</ref>


*Hill
* Hill
**Samaale
** Samaale
***Irir
*** Irir
****[[Dir (clan)|Dir]]
**** Aji
⚫
***** Dir
*****[[Gadabuursi|Gadabursi]]
*****[[Issa (clan)|Issa]]
***** Digaale
*****[[Samaroon]]
****** Daarood
*****[[Bimaal]]
**** [[Hawiye]]
****[[Isaaq]]
*** Maqarre
*****Habr Magaadleeh
**** Digil
*** Gardheere
******[[Garhajis|Garhaji]]
******[[Habr Awal|Awal]]
**** cawrmale
*****Habr Habusheed
**** Garjante
******[[Habr Yunis]]
***** Gaaljecel
******Tol Ja'lo (Ahmed)
***** Dagoodiye
****[[Hawiye]]
***** Masaarre
*****[[Garre|Gurreh]]
***** Ciise
*** Mayle
*****[[Ajuran (clan)|Ajuran]]
*****Mobilen
**** Xawaadle
*** Xariire
*****[[Habar Gidir|Habr Gedir]]
*** Garre
*****[[Sheikhaal]]
*****[[Abgaal]]
**** Tuuf
*** Gariire
***[[Gardhere|Gardere]]–Yakabur–Mayle
***[[Darod]]
*** Xamarre
****Ogadeen
*** Yahaabuur
****[[Harti]]
**** Hubeer
*****[[Majeerteen]]
*****[[Warsangeli]]
*****[[Dhulbahante]]
****[[Marehan]]
**[[Sab (clan)|Sab]] (non-Samaale)
***Digil
****[[Tunni]]
****[[Rahanweyn]]
*****Siyyeed
⚫
*****Sagaal


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 21:29, 8 May 2024

Samaale, also spelled Samali or Samale (Somali: Samaale) is traditionally considered to be the ancestor from whom all Somali clans descended. His name is the source of the ethnonym Somali.

[1]

Genealogy

According to traditional Somali genealogy, Samaale son of Hiil is descendant of Mizraim son of Ham.

Samaale had nine sons: Irir, Maqare, Gardere, Mayle, Gare, Hamare, Garire, Harire, and Yahabur. These sons are revered as the ancestors from whom all Somali clans descended.[2]

Somali genealogical tree (written in Somali)

One of multiple possible tables used by scholars to sketch the main outlines of Somali clan genealogy is as follows:[3]

  • Hill
    • Samaale
      • Irir
        • Aji
          • Dir
          • Digaale
            • Daarood
        • Hawiye
      • Maqarre
        • Digil
      • Gardheere
        • cawrmale
        • Garjante
          • Gaaljecel
          • Dagoodiye
          • Masaarre
          • Ciise
      • Mayle
        • Xawaadle
      • Xariire
      • Garre
        • Tuuf
      • Gariire
      • Xamarre
      • Yahaabuur
        • Hubeer

See also

References

  1. ^ Lewis 1961, pp. 11–13.
  2. ^ أحمد عيدروس, د. اسامة (2017-05-09). "التكتلات الإقليمية في أفريقيا من منظُور تاريخي". Omdurman Islamic University Journal. 13 (1): 425–464. doi:10.52981/oiuj.v13i1.1643. ISSN 1858-6198.
  3. ^ Abbink 2009, p. 10.

Works cited

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