User:TheLonelyPather/sandbox4: Difference between revisions
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= Christianity in Fujian = |
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'''[[Polarization]]''' patterns observed in sky can be separated into two components - '''Electric (E) and Magnetic (B)'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://background.uchicago.edu/~whu/polar/webversion/node8.html|title=Polarization Primer|website=background.uchicago.edu}}</ref> |
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== History == |
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=== Yuan dynasty === |
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Franciscan mission... |
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The polarization patterns are due to [[Thomson scattering]] of [[photon]]s off free [[electron]]s in the surface of last scattering.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~cbischoff/cmb/|title=CMB Polarization|website=lweb.cfa.harvard.edu}}</ref> |
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=== Ming and Qing dynasties === |
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[[Luo Wenzao]], the first Catholic bishop of Chinese ethnicity, was born in Fu'an, Fujian, in the 1610s. |
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Plane waves fluctuations (like density or scalar perturbations in the early universe) produce polarization patterns of a particular type, known as E mode. This polarization pattern is highly symmetrical with the observed orientation being independent of observation location while the observed magnitude is independent of longitude (for a fixed latitude of observation).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://background.uchicago.edu/~whu/intermediate/Polarization/polar4.html|title=CMB Introduction|website=background.uchicago.edu}}</ref> |
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=== Republic of China === |
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[[Gravitational wave]] can cause an anisotropic stretching of space, and this asymmetry causes a "handedness" to the pattern of polarization. Changing the viewing location, changes the observed orientation and magnitude of polarization (the pattern across all latitudes and longitudes becomes asymmetric). This polarization pattern is known as B mode. |
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=== People's Republic of China === |
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There are two directions in a polarization pattern - its orientation and its amplitude. If the polarization orientation is parallel or perpendicular to its amplitude direction, it is called an E-mode polarization. If it is crossed at 45 degree angles, it is called a B-mode polarization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://background.uchicago.edu/~whu/intermediate/Polarization/polar5.html|title=CMB Introduction|website=background.uchicago.edu}}</ref> |
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== Current situation == |
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Plane wave (density perturbations) just generate parallel polarization and so generate only E-mode polarization. Gravitational waves generate both and so have a component of B-mode polarization also. |
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== Major churches == |
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[[File:St. Dominic's Cathedral Fuzhou .webp|thumb|right|200px|[[St. Dominic's Cathedral, Fuzhou|St. Dominic's Cathedral]] is the seat of the archbishop of Fuzhou.]] |
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[[File:Gulangyu Catholic Church 鼓浪嶼天主堂 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Church of Christ the King, Xiamen|Church of Christ the King]], a Catholic church in [[Xiamen]], is a [[World Heritage Site]].]] |
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B-modes retain their special nature that they can possess a handedness that distinguishes left from right. If reflected across a line going through the center the E-patterns are unchanged, while the positive and negative B-patterns get interchanged.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Examples-of-E-mode-and-B-mode-patterns-of-polarization-Note-that-if-reflected-across-a_fig2_279420332|title=Examples of E-mode and B-mode patterns of polarization. Note that if... | Download Scientific Diagram}}</ref> |
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Today, the Catholic Church in Fujian has one archdiocese and ? dioceses covering the entire province. |
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* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Fuzhou]]: Established on ... Its diocesan seat is [[St. Dominic's Cathedral, Fuzhou]]. |
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* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Xiamen]]: Established on ... Its diocesan seat is ? |
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* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Funing]]: Established on 27 December 1923. |
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== See also == |
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== References == |
== References == |
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<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --> |
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{{reflist}} |
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= Template: Catholic Church in China = |
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{{Navbox |
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| name = Catholic Church in China |
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| title = [[Catholic Church in China]] |
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| listclass = hlist |
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| state = |
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<!-- [[File:Rubbing of a Nestorian Cross at the Shih-tzu-ssu 1.jpg|60px]]---> |
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| group1 = 1294 – 1368<br>([[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]]) |
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| list1 = |
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*[[Catholic missions to Mongol China]] |
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*[[John of Monte Corvino]] |
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*[[John of Marignolli]] |
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| group2 = 1582 – 1724<br>([[Ming]], early [[Qing]]) |
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| list2 = |
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{{Navbox | subgroup |
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| group1 = Events |
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| image = [[File:Ricci Guangqi.jpg|100px]] |
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| list1 = |
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*[[Jesuit missions in China]] |
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*[[Chinese Rites Controversy]] |
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*{{ill|Calendar Case|zh|康熙历狱}} ([[Kangxi Emperor]], [[Yang Guangxian]]) |
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| group2 = Places |
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| list2 = |
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*[[Shangchuan Island]] |
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*[[Macau]] ([[History of Macau|History]], [[Ruins of Saint Paul's]], [[St. Paul's College, Macau|St. Paul's College]]) |
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*[[Zhalan Cemetery]] |
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| group3 = Clergy |
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| list3 = |
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*[[Francis Xavier]] |
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*[[Alessandro Valignano]] |
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*[[Michele Ruggieri]] |
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*[[Matteo Ricci]] |
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*[[Lazzaro Cattaneo]] |
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*[[Manuel Dias the Younger]] |
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*[[Sabatino de Ursis]] |
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*[[Nicolas Trigault]] |
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*[[Giulio Alenio]] |
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*[[Francesco Sambiasi]] |
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*[[Johann Adam Schall von Bell]] |
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*[[Juan Bautista Morales]] |
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*{{ill|Antonio Caballero de Santa Maria|zh|利安当}} |
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*{{ill|Michel Trigault|no|Michel Trigault}} |
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*[[Lodovico Buglio]] |
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*[[Francis Ferdinand de Capillas]] |
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*[[Francesco Brancati]] |
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*[[Gabriel de Magalhães]] |
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*[[Domingo Fernández Navarrete]] |
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*[[Michał Boym]] |
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*[[Martino Martini]] |
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*[[Luo Wenzao]] |
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*[[Philippe Couplet]] |
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*[[Ferdinand Verbiest]] |
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*[[Prospero Intorcetta]] |
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*[[François Pallu]] |
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*[[Francisco Varo]] |
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*[[Wu Li]] |
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*[[Zheng Manuo]] |
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*[[Giovanni Francesco Nicolai]] |
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*[[Bernadino della Chiesa]] |
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*[[Jean de Fontaney]] |
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*[[Antoine Thomas]] |
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*[[François Noël (missionary)|François Noël]] |
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*[[Jean-François Gerbillon]] |
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*[[Caspar Castner]] |
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*[[Joachim Bouvet]] |
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*[[Jean-François Foucquet]] |
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| group4 = Believers |
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| list4 = |
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*[[Paul Xu Guangqi]] |
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*[[Empress Dowager Ma (Southern Ming)|Empress Dowager Ma]] |
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*[[Zheng Zhilong]] |
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}} |
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| group3 = 1724 – 1860<br>(Qing,<br>Christianity<br>outlawed) |
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| list3 = |
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{{Navbox | subgroup |
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| group1 = Events |
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| image = [[File:大水法遗址 - panoramio (1).jpg|100px]] |
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| list1 = |
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*[[Yongzheng Emperor#Religion|1724 Anti-Christian edict]] |
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*[[Martyr Saints of China]] |
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| group2 = Places |
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| list2 = [[Old Summer Palace]] |
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| group3 = Clergy |
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| list3 = |
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*[[Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit painter)|Giuseppe Castiglione]] |
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*[[Peter Sanz]] |
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*[[Francis Serrano]] |
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*[[Anton Gogeisl]] |
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*[[Jean Denis Attiret]] |
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*[[Michel Benoist]] |
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*[[Jean Joseph Marie Amiot]] |
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*[[Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse]] |
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}} |
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| group4 = 1860 – 1912<br>(late Qing) |
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| list4 = |
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{{Navbox | subgroup |
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| group1 = Events |
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| image = [[File:Our Lady of China.jpg|100px]] |
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| list1 = |
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*[[Second Opium War]] and the [[Treaty of Tientsin]] |
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*[[Anti-missionary riots in China]] |
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*[[Boxer Rebellion]] ([[Taiyuan massacre]]) |
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*[[Our Lady of China]] |
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| group2 = Places |
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| list2 = |
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*[[Xujiahui|Xujiahui / Zikawei]] ([[St. Ignatius Cathedral]], [[Bibliotheca Zi-Ka-Wei]], [[Xuhui High School|St. Ignatius College]], {{ill|Xujiahui Observatory|zh|徐家汇观象台}}, {{ill|Xujiahui Convent|zh|徐家汇圣母院}}) |
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*[[Sheshan Basilica]] |
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*[[Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique (Sienhsien)|Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique, Sienhsien]] |
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| group3 = Clergy |
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| list3 = |
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*[[Auguste Chapdelaine]] |
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*[[Adrien Languillat]] |
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*[[Angelo Zottoli]] |
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| group4 = Believers |
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| list4 = |
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*[[Ma Xiangbo]] |
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*[[Ying Lianzhi]] |
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}} |
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| group5 = 1912 – 1958<br>([[Republic of China (1912–1949)|ROC]], early [[PRC]]) |
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| list5 = |
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{{Navbox | subgroup |
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| group1 = Events |
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| list1 = |
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*[[Pope Pius XII and China]] (''[[Ad Sinarum gentem]]'', ''[[Ad Apostolorum principis]]'') |
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| group2 = Places |
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| list2 = |
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*[[Apostolic Nunciature to China]] (moved to Taiwan in 1951) |
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*[[Fujen University]] |
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*[[Tsin Ku University]] |
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*[[Aurora University (Shanghai)|Aurora University]] |
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| group3 = Clergy |
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| list3 = |
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*[[Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe]] |
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*[[Robert Jacquinot de Besange]] |
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*[[Thomas Tien Ken-sin]] |
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*[[Antonio Riberi]] |
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*[[Dominic Tang]] |
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*[[Paul Yu Pin]] |
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*[[Ignatius Kung Pin-mei]] |
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*[[Beda Chang]] |
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| group4 = Believers |
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| list4 = {{ill|Yang Shida|zh|杨士达}} |
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}} |
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| group6 = 1958 – <br>(PRC) |
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| list6 = |
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{{Navbox | subgroup |
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| group1 = Events |
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| list1 = [[Cultural Revolution]] |
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| group2 = Clergy |
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| list2 = |
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*[[Ignatius Pi Shushi]] |
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*[[Louis Zhang Jiashu]] |
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*[[John Fang Xingyao]] |
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*[[Joseph Ma Yinglin]] |
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| group3 = Believers |
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| list3 = |
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}} |
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| group7 = Regions |
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| list7 = |
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* [[Catholic Church in Macau|Macau]] |
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* [[Catholic Church in Taiwan|Taiwan]] (until 1949) |
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* [[Catholic Church in Shaanxi|Shaanxi]] |
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* [[Catholic Church in Tibet|Tibet]] |
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* [[Catholic Church in Sichuan|Sichuan]] |
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* [[Catholic Church in Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] |
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| group8 = Organisation |
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| list8 = |
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*[[Catholic Patriotic Association]] |
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*[[List of Catholic dioceses in China]] |
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*[[List of Catholic churches in China]] |
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| below = [[China–Holy See relations]] |
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}} |
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Revision as of 08:19, 8 May 2024
Polarization patterns observed in sky can be separated into two components - Electric (E) and Magnetic (B).[1]
The polarization patterns are due to Thomson scattering of photons off free electrons in the surface of last scattering.[2]
Plane waves fluctuations (like density or scalar perturbations in the early universe) produce polarization patterns of a particular type, known as E mode. This polarization pattern is highly symmetrical with the observed orientation being independent of observation location while the observed magnitude is independent of longitude (for a fixed latitude of observation).[3]
Gravitational wave can cause an anisotropic stretching of space, and this asymmetry causes a "handedness" to the pattern of polarization. Changing the viewing location, changes the observed orientation and magnitude of polarization (the pattern across all latitudes and longitudes becomes asymmetric). This polarization pattern is known as B mode.
There are two directions in a polarization pattern - its orientation and its amplitude. If the polarization orientation is parallel or perpendicular to its amplitude direction, it is called an E-mode polarization. If it is crossed at 45 degree angles, it is called a B-mode polarization.[4]
Plane wave (density perturbations) just generate parallel polarization and so generate only E-mode polarization. Gravitational waves generate both and so have a component of B-mode polarization also.
B-modes retain their special nature that they can possess a handedness that distinguishes left from right. If reflected across a line going through the center the E-patterns are unchanged, while the positive and negative B-patterns get interchanged.[5]
References
- ^ "Polarization Primer". background.uchicago.edu.
- ^ "CMB Polarization". lweb.cfa.harvard.edu.
- ^ "CMB Introduction". background.uchicago.edu.
- ^ "CMB Introduction". background.uchicago.edu.
- ^ "Examples of E-mode and B-mode patterns of polarization. Note that if... | Download Scientific Diagram".