Gajapati invasion of Bidar: Difference between revisions
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| coordinates = {{coord|17.912|N|77.520|E|region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|17.912|N|77.520|E|region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}} |
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| map_type = Karnataka#India |
| map_type = Karnataka#India |
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| result = |
| result = Gajapati Victory |
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| combatant1 = [[Bahmani Sultanate]] |
| combatant1 = [[Bahmani Sultanate]] |
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| combatant2 = [[Gajapati Empire]]<br>[[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya chiefs]] |
| combatant2 = [[Gajapati Empire]]<br>[[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya chiefs]] |
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| commander1 = [[Mahmud Gawan]]<br> Muhibullah |
| commander1 = [[Mahmud Gawan]]<br> Muhibullah |
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| commander2 = [[Kapilendra Deva]] |
| commander2 = [[Kapilendra Deva]] |
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| strength1 = |
| strength1 = 40000 |
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| strength2 = * 10,000 footmen |
| strength2 = * 10,000 footmen |
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* 400 horsemen |
* 400 horsemen |
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| territory = |
| territory = Telengana became part of Gajapati empire |
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| casualties1 = ~~unknown~~ |
| casualties1 = ~~unknown~~ |
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| casualties2 = 2000-3000 soldiers killed |
| casualties2 = 2000-3000 soldiers killed |
||
}} |
}} |
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The '''Gajapati invasion of Bidar''' in 1461 was a significant military expedition by [[Kapilendra Deva]] of the [[Gajapati Empire]] against the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]. This event unfolded in the aftermath of [[Humayun Shah|Humayun Shah Bahmani]]'s demise and the subsequent ascent of [[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III|Nizam Shah Bahmani]] to the throne. The primary objective of the campaign was to seize [[Bidar]], the present-day region of |
The '''Gajapati invasion of Bidar''' in 1461 was a significant military expedition by son of [[Kapilendra Deva]], Hamavira Deva of the [[Gajapati Empire]] against the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]. This event unfolded in the aftermath of [[Humayun Shah|Humayun Shah Bahmani]]'s demise and the subsequent ascent of [[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III|Nizam Shah Bahmani]] to the throne. The primary objective of the campaign was to seize [[Bidar]], the present-day region of Karnataka. Backed by [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] chiefs, the Gajapati forces engaged in a decisive conflict with the Bahmani forces led by ministers of Bahamani and commander cum messenger Muhibullah. The outcome resulted in capture of Bidar<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=R |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-sryavai-gajapatis-of-orissa.html |title=The Suryavamsi Gajapatis of Orissa |pages=58}}</ref> for sometime and Telengana became the part of Gajapati empire.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/vijaynagar-history-n.-venkataramanayya/page/118/mode/1up |title=Sources of Vijayanagar History |pages=118-119}}</ref> |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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== The campaign == |
== The campaign == |
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In 1461, Kapilendra led a march towards [[Bidar]] with the backing of [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] chiefs and the Zamindars of [[Telangana|Telengana]] to invade the Bahmani Dynasty. He pillaged the regions and progressed toward the Bahmani capital.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Haque |first=Mohammed Anwarul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref> The Gajapati forces, comprising 10,000 men and 400 horses, faced opposition from the Bahmani chiefs who sent a contingent of 160 horsemen led by Muhibullah, the son of [[Bahmani Tombs#Description#Chaukhandi|Khalilullah]], a recognized [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]. Muhibullah marched against the Gajapatis, leading to a military conflict. The outcome favored the Bahmanis, as the Gajapati forces |
In 1461, Kapilendra led a march towards [[Bidar]] with the backing of [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] chiefs and the Zamindars of [[Telangana|Telengana]] to invade the Bahmani Dynasty. He pillaged the regions and progressed toward the Bahmani capital.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Haque |first=Mohammed Anwarul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref> The Gajapati forces, comprising 10,000 men and 400 horses, faced opposition from the Bahmani chiefs who sent a contingent of 160 horsemen led by Muhibullah, the son of [[Bahmani Tombs#Description#Chaukhandi|Khalilullah]], a recognized [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]. 40000 forces of ministers of the sultan were backing him<ref name=":3" />. Muhibullah marched against the Gajapatis, leading to a military conflict. The outcome favored the Bahmanis, as the Gajapati forces retreated from the battlefield.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_YdAAAAMAAJ |title=The History of the Gajapati Kings of Orissa and Their Successors |date=1981 |publisher=Kitab Mahal |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref> Believing that the entire Bahmani army was mobilizing, the Gajapatis left their heavy baggage on the field and sought refuge in a fort.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xhFAAAAIAAJ |title=The Sūryavaṁśi Gajapatis of Orissa |date=1957 |publisher=Andhra University |pages=56-58 |language=en}}</ref> <br>[[Firishta]] documents the message from the Bahmani chief to Kapilendra as follows: |
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{{Quote|"This king of ours, with his youthful good fortune, has been wishing to march with an army to the lands of [[Odisha|Odissa]], Oriya and [[Jajpur|Jajnagar]] in order to conquer them. It is good that you have simplified our work by coming here yourself. Now understand definitely that unless you promise to pay a tribute and unless you return all the money you have seized from the land of the Musalmans, not one of your men will be able to go back alive."<ref name=":0" />|Firishta}} |
{{Quote|"This king of ours, with his youthful good fortune, has been wishing to march with an army to the lands of [[Odisha|Odissa]], Oriya and [[Jajpur|Jajnagar]] in order to conquer them. It is good that you have simplified our work by coming here yourself. Now understand definitely that unless you promise to pay a tribute and unless you return all the money you have seized from the land of the Musalmans, not one of your men will be able to go back alive."<ref name=":0" />|Firishta}} |
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The Gajapatis lost two to three thousand men.<ref name=":2" /> |
The Gajapatis lost two to three thousand men.<ref name=":2" /> As per Ferishta, Gajapati army, paid tribute to the Bahmanis by surrendering twenty-five elephants and a substantial amount of gold and silver to secure his life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahu |first=N. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxpDAAAAYAAJ |title=A History of Orissa |date=1980 |publisher=Bharatiya Publishing House |pages=244 |language=en}}</ref> Some scholars dont agree with the exaggerated claim of Ferishta. Briggs the translatorof Ferishta says, |
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{{Quote|"Ferishta, in so hastily adopting the language of Moolla Dawood of Bidur, and the other chroniclers of the Bahmuny dynasty, has exercised, neither discretion nor even much research, in not endeavouring to account for the sudden retreat of the Hindoos ; for it is absurd to suppose, that the mere appearance of one. hundred and sixty men would alone have broken up a confederacy which seems to have been so seriously formed for the recovery of Tulinganai"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Briggs |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndiaVolume1 |title=The rise of Mohmmadan power in India |pages=467ff}}</ref> }} |
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Subrahmanyam further discussing about Ferishta's point that 160 horsemen backed by 40000 men forced Gajapati army to retreat, mentions that the invasion of Jaunpur at this very juncture from the north of Odisha was the real reason behind the retreat<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=R |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-sryavai-gajapatis-of-orissa.html |title=The Suryavamsi Gajapatis of Orissa |pages=58}}</ref>. Ferishta mentions "The Rayas of Orissa and Tulingāna having again taken the field renewed their depredations on the countries of Islām."<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=R |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-sryavai-gajapatis-of-orissa.html |title=The Suryavamsi Gajapatis of Orissa |pages=58}}</ref> . Which suggests there was a second invasion after the first invasion mentioned by Ferishta earlier. Subrahmanyam concludes that after dealing with invasion of Jaunpur army from the north, Gajapati army again attacked Bidar and captured it. He notes, {{Quote|"Kapilendra easily defeated the Bahmany army sent against him and in this campaign conquered several other places including Mähür and Bidar and justified his claims for the title 'Kalavargëśvara' (Lord of Gulbarga)"<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=R |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-sryavai-gajapatis-of-orissa.html |title=The Suryavamsi Gajapatis of Orissa |pages=58}}</ref> }} |
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Venkataramanayya also mentions about a Telugu Chatu (poem) verse which says Bedadakota(Bidar) was a fort of Kapilendra. Quoting that R Subrahmanyam mentions{{Quote|"The cātu verse which Dr. Venkataramanayya has cited as one of the evidences for his surmise, includes 'Bedadakōta' (Bidar) and other forts with Mahur, among the places that are said to have been conquered by Kapilēndra. The Gajapati ruler must have brought 'Bedadakōta' under his influence as an enemy and not as an ally of the Bahmany sultan "<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=R |url=https://dokumen.pub/the-sryavai-gajapatis-of-orissa.html |title=The Suryavamsi Gajapatis of Orissa |pages=56-58}}</ref>}} |
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The Telugu Chatu verses and Ferishta's mention of second attack by Gajapati army mentioned earlier suggests, though the first attempt was not successful the second attempt Gajapati army captured Bidar successfully. |
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Kapilendra's sudden withdrawal stemmed from the [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur Sultan]] [[Husain Shah of Jaunpur|Hussain Sharqi]]'s invasion of Orissa and the capture of [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]. After capturing Tirhut, he sent detachments to conquer Orissa. This compelled Kapilendra to retract from Bahmani territories, compelling him to seek peace. Despite facing Hussain Sharqi, Kapilendra surrendered once more, presenting 30 elephants and 100 horses. Thus, it was the unforeseen threat from Jaunpur, not just the strength of Muhibullah's 160 horsemen, that led to his retreat.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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Revision as of 08:24, 26 April 2024
| Gajapati invasion of Bidar | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Bahmani-Gajapati conflicts | |||||||||
 The Bidar Fort | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Bahmani Sultanate |
Gajapati Empire Kakatiya chiefs | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Mahmud Gawan Muhibullah | Kapilendra Deva | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 40000 |
| ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| ~~unknown~~ | 2000-3000 soldiers killed | ||||||||
  Location within Karnataka  Gajapati invasion of Bidar (India) | |||||||||
The Gajapati invasion of Bidar in 1461 was a significant military expedition by son of Kapilendra Deva, Hamavira Deva of the Gajapati Empire against the Bahmani Sultanate. This event unfolded in the aftermath of Humayun Shah Bahmani's demise and the subsequent ascent of Nizam Shah Bahmani to the throne. The primary objective of the campaign was to seize Bidar, the present-day region of Karnataka. Backed by Kakatiya chiefs, the Gajapati forces engaged in a decisive conflict with the Bahmani forces led by ministers of Bahamani and commander cum messenger Muhibullah. The outcome resulted in capture of Bidar[1] for sometime and Telengana became the part of Gajapati empire.[2]
Background
Kapilendra Deva established the Gajapati Empire in Odisha in the year 1434.[3] He waged wars against the neighboring Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms. Kapilendra invaded the territories of the Bahmani Dynasty during the reign of Sultan Humayun Shah, who passed away in 1461. Nizam Shah Bahmani, the eight-year-old son of Humayun Shah, succeeded him to the throne.[4][5]
Kapilendra perceived this as an opportunity to invade the Bahmani Dynasty, thinking it would be easier to capture its capital due to their minor ruler. Nevertheless, Khwaja-i-Jahan, was the regent ruler and Mahmud Gawan was the Vizier of the Bahmanis.[6][7]
The campaign
In 1461, Kapilendra led a march towards Bidar with the backing of Kakatiya chiefs and the Zamindars of Telengana to invade the Bahmani Dynasty. He pillaged the regions and progressed toward the Bahmani capital.[8] The Gajapati forces, comprising 10,000 men and 400 horses, faced opposition from the Bahmani chiefs who sent a contingent of 160 horsemen led by Muhibullah, the son of Khalilullah, a recognized Ghazi. 40000 forces of ministers of the sultan were backing him[1]. Muhibullah marched against the Gajapatis, leading to a military conflict. The outcome favored the Bahmanis, as the Gajapati forces retreated from the battlefield.[7][9] Believing that the entire Bahmani army was mobilizing, the Gajapatis left their heavy baggage on the field and sought refuge in a fort.[8][10]
Firishta documents the message from the Bahmani chief to Kapilendra as follows:
"This king of ours, with his youthful good fortune, has been wishing to march with an army to the lands of Odissa, Oriya and Jajnagar in order to conquer them. It is good that you have simplified our work by coming here yourself. Now understand definitely that unless you promise to pay a tribute and unless you return all the money you have seized from the land of the Musalmans, not one of your men will be able to go back alive."[7]
— Firishta
The Gajapatis lost two to three thousand men.[10] As per Ferishta, Gajapati army, paid tribute to the Bahmanis by surrendering twenty-five elephants and a substantial amount of gold and silver to secure his life.[11] Some scholars dont agree with the exaggerated claim of Ferishta. Briggs the translatorof Ferishta says,
"Ferishta, in so hastily adopting the language of Moolla Dawood of Bidur, and the other chroniclers of the Bahmuny dynasty, has exercised, neither discretion nor even much research, in not endeavouring to account for the sudden retreat of the Hindoos ; for it is absurd to suppose, that the mere appearance of one. hundred and sixty men would alone have broken up a confederacy which seems to have been so seriously formed for the recovery of Tulinganai"[12]
Subrahmanyam further discussing about Ferishta's point that 160 horsemen backed by 40000 men forced Gajapati army to retreat, mentions that the invasion of Jaunpur at this very juncture from the north of Odisha was the real reason behind the retreat[13]. Ferishta mentions "The Rayas of Orissa and Tulingāna having again taken the field renewed their depredations on the countries of Islām."[13] . Which suggests there was a second invasion after the first invasion mentioned by Ferishta earlier. Subrahmanyam concludes that after dealing with invasion of Jaunpur army from the north, Gajapati army again attacked Bidar and captured it. He notes,
"Kapilendra easily defeated the Bahmany army sent against him and in this campaign conquered several other places including Mähür and Bidar and justified his claims for the title 'Kalavargëśvara' (Lord of Gulbarga)"[13]
Venkataramanayya also mentions about a Telugu Chatu (poem) verse which says Bedadakota(Bidar) was a fort of Kapilendra. Quoting that R Subrahmanyam mentions
"The cātu verse which Dr. Venkataramanayya has cited as one of the evidences for his surmise, includes 'Bedadakōta' (Bidar) and other forts with Mahur, among the places that are said to have been conquered by Kapilēndra. The Gajapati ruler must have brought 'Bedadakōta' under his influence as an enemy and not as an ally of the Bahmany sultan "[14]
The Telugu Chatu verses and Ferishta's mention of second attack by Gajapati army mentioned earlier suggests, though the first attempt was not successful the second attempt Gajapati army captured Bidar successfully.
References
- ^ a b Subrahmanyam, R. The Suryavamsi Gajapatis of Orissa. p. 58.
- ^ Sources of Vijayanagar History. pp. 118–119.
- ^ Panda, Shishir Kumar (2008). "Gajapati Kingship and the Cult of Jagannatha: A Study on the Chhamu Chitaus (royal Letters)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 69: 225–229. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44147183.
- ^ Mahtab, Harekrushna (1959). The History of Orissa. Prajatantra Prachar Samity. pp. 313–316.
- ^ Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh (2003). A Military History of Medieval India. Vision Books. p. 366. ISBN 978-81-7094-525-3.
- ^ Chandra, Satish (2007). History of Medieval India: 800-1700. Orient BlackSwan. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7.
- ^ a b c A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami. People's Publishing House. 1970. pp. 950–951.
- ^ a b Haque, Mohammed Anwarul (1980). Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. Punthi Pustak. p. 34.
- ^ Mukherjee, Prabhat (1981). The History of the Gajapati Kings of Orissa and Their Successors. Kitab Mahal. p. 135.
- ^ a b Subrahmanyam, R. (1957). The Sūryavaṁśi Gajapatis of Orissa. Andhra University. pp. 56–58.
- ^ Sahu, N. K. (1980). A History of Orissa. Bharatiya Publishing House. p. 244.
- ^ Briggs. The rise of Mohmmadan power in India. pp. 467ff.
- ^ a b c Subrahmanyam, R. The Suryavamsi Gajapatis of Orissa. p. 58.
- ^ Subrahmanyam, R. The Suryavamsi Gajapatis of Orissa. pp. 56–58.