Almohad–Ayyubid war of 1187–1188: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Almohad Caliphate#History]] |
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{{Short description|War between the Almohads and the Ayyubids}} |
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{{Primary sources|date=September 2023}} |
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{{Infobox military conflict |
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| conflict = Almohad–Ayyubid war 1187–1188 |
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| image = |
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| image_size = |
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| caption = |
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| date = 1187–1188 |
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| place = [[Ifriqiya]] |
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| result = Almohad victory |
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* Reconquest of [[Ifriqiya]] |
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*Capture of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] |
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* [[Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush|Qaraqush]] submits to the Almohad caliph |
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| combatant1 = [[Almohad caliphate]] |
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| combatant2 = [[Ayyubid Dynasty|Ayyubid sultanate]]<br>[[Banu Ghaniya]] |
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| commander1 = [[Yaqub al-Mansur]] |
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Abu Yusuf Ibn Abi Hafs |
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| commander2 = [[Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush]] |
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| strength1 = 20,000 |
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| strength2 = Unknown |
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| casualties1 = |
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| casualties2 = |
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}} |
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The '''Almohad–Ayyubid war of 1187–1188''' took place when [[Ayyubid]] armies led by [[Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush]] entered the [[Almohad]] province of [[Ifriqiya]] and annexed it. |
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==Background== |
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In 1187, multiple [[Ayyubid|Ayyubid armies]] were sent to [[Ifriqiya]] by Sultan [[Saladin]], who gave command of his armies to a [[Mamluk]] commander, [[Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush|Qaraqush]], who gradually annexed Ifriqiya.<ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire des Almohades|author=Abd el- Wâh'id Merrâkechi|date=1893 |page=300|publisher=Literary Licensing, LLC |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62251820/f316.item.r=541#|isbn=9781498147255}}</ref> |
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[[Yaqub al-Mansur]], the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad Caliph]], was in [[al-Andalus]] when he learned of this. He returned to [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] and prepared an army of approximately 20,000 men.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} |
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==War== |
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The Almohad forces, commanded by [[Ifriqiya]]'s governor, faced challenges dealing with [[Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush|Qaraqush]]. Consequently, the [[caliph]] personally intervened, leading to [[Yaqub al-Mansur|Ya'qub al-Mansur]]'s 1186 expedition to [[Ifriqiya]]. The decision to bring only 20,000 cavalry was influenced by the aftermath of [[Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush|Qaraqush]] and his allies, as [[Ibn al-Athir]] notes that the region lacked sufficient food and fodder to sustain a larger force. |
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The caliph visited the [[Ibn Tumart|Mahdi Ibn Tumart]]'s tomb in [[Tinmel|Tinmal]], then went to [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] and [[Taza]] for some admin matters. Moving east to [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], he learned Qaraqush and his allies gathered in [[Qayrawan]]. The caliph wanted an immediate attack, but Almohad shaykhs suggested resting in [[Tunis]] first. He followed their advice. In Tunis, Ya'qub al-Mansur sent the Ifriqiya governor, [[Abu Yusuf Ibn Abi Hafs]], to face Qaraqush and allies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Baadj |first=Amar S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvTjCQAAQBAJ |title=Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries) |date=2015-08-11 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-29857-6 |pages=142 |language=en}}</ref> |
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The Almohad army faced internal divisions, leading to exhaustion and hunger during a decisive battle against Qaraqush. Prominent prisoners, like [[Ibn al-Reberter]], were captured and tortured. The caliph prepared and reinforced his army in Tunis for a rematch. After strategic moves and engagements, the Almohads triumphed, capturing [[Gafsa|Qafsa]]. The caliph sent a letter to [[Marrakesh]], reporting victory and sharing important details about Qaraqush's alliances and negotiations. The fate of individuals like [[Ibn Qaratikin]] and [[Yuzaba]] remained unclear among conflicting accounts. The caliph returned to Tunis, appointing [[Abu Zayd (governor)|Abu Zayd]] as governor, but political plots against him in Marrakesh led to his return via [[Tahart]] and [[Tilimsan]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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Al-Mansur arrived in [[Tunis]] and gave an army of 6,000 horsemen to his nephew, who was defeated.<ref name="foo">{{cite book|title=Annales du Maghreb & de l'Espagne|author=Ibn al-Athîr|date=1898 |page=607|publisher=A. Jourdan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_ZAAAAAYAAJ&dq=Ya%27koub,+apr%C3%A8s+avoir+re%C3%A7u+cette+nouvelle,+continua+de+r%C3%A9sider+%C3%A0+Tunis+jusqu%27%C3%A0+la+mi-redjeb+(20+septembre)+de+cette+ann%C3%A9e,+et+mena+alors+ses+troupes+contre+l%27Almora-+vide+et+les+Turcs:+la+rencontre+eut+lieu+proche+%5BP.+344%5D+de+Gab%C3%A8s+(1)+et+aboutit+%C3%A0+la+d%C3%A9faite+d%27Ibn+Ghaniya+et+des+siens,+dont+il+fut+fait+une+extermination+presque+com-+pl%C3%A8te%3B+le+faible+nombre+qui+%C3%A9chappa+se+jeta+dans+l%27int%C3%A9-+rieur.+Le+m%C3%AAme+jour,+Ya%27ko%C3%BBb+se+dirigea+contre+Gab%C3%A8s&pg=PA607}}</ref> He then took command of the armies himself and met Qaraqush, who had allied with the tribe of [[Banu Ghaniya]], at [[El Hamma]], where the Almohads emerged victorious.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |title=History of the Berbers and The Muslim Dynasties from North Africa|author=Ibn Khaldun|date=1854 |page=211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3dYOAAAAQAAJ&q=histoire+des+berb%C3%A8res+et+des+dynasties+musulmanes+de+l%27afrique}}</ref> |
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Al-Mansur returned to Tunis until September 20 before raising an army near [[Gabès]], where he routed [['Abdallah ibn Ghaniya|Ibn Ghaniya]] and his family. Following the battle, al-Mansur besieged and captured Gabès. Women and children were imprisoned and brought back to Morocco.<ref name="foo"/> |
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Al-Mansur continued his reconquest by taking [[Tozeur]], where he massacred the inhabitants and destroyed the city. He then returned to Gabès and massacred the [[Banu Ghaniya]] and Arab contingents of the Ayyubid army, but integrated its [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz Turk]] contingents into his army.<ref name="auto" /> Following this, in 1188, al-Mansur besieged and captured [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], which marked the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire des Almohades|author=Abd el- Wâh'id Merrâkechi|date=1893 |pages=209–300|publisher=Literary Licensing, LLC |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62251820/f316.item.r=541#|isbn=9781498147255}}</ref> |
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==Aftermath== |
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Saladin had initially shown interest in conquering North Africa in 1175, but by 1189 his priorities had changed. He focused on [[Syria (region)|Syria]] and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], in response to the threat of the [[Third Crusade]]. He appealed for help from Yaqub al-Mansur to face this threat. After his defeat by the Almohads and the loss of Egyptian support, Qaraqush abandoned his alliance with the Banu Ghaniya and submitted to the Almohad in Tunis. In a letter addressed to al-Mansur in 1190, Saladin disavowed Qaraqush and his companions for their acts of plunder and violence.<ref>{{cite book|title=Saladin|author= Anne-Marie Eddé|date= 2011|page=130|publisher= Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/saladin-anne-marie-edde/page/n129/mode/2up?q=Almohade|isbn=9780674055599}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== Further reading == |
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* {{Cite book |last=Baadj |first=Amar S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvTjCQAAQBAJ |title=Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries) |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-04-29857-6 |language=en}} |
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[[Category:Conflicts in 1187]] |
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[[Category:Wars involving the Ayyubid Sultanate]] |
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[[Category:Battles involving the Almohad Caliphate]] |
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Revision as of 20:59, 16 April 2024
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