Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia: Difference between revisions

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Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia are haplogroups of the male Y-chromosome found in South Asian populations.

Major Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups in South Asia

South Asia, located on the crossroads of Western Eurasia and Eastern Eurasia, accounts for about 39.49% of Asia's population,^[2] and over 24% of the world's population.^[3] It is home to a vast array of people who belong to diverse ethnic groups, who migrated to the region during different periods of time.^[4]

The presence of Himalayas in northern and eastern borders of South Asia have limited migrations from Eastern Eurasia into Indian subcontinent in the past. Hence most of the male-mediated migrations into South Asia occurred from Western Eurasia into the region, as seen in the Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroup variations of populations in the region.^[5]

The major paternal lineages of South Asian populations, represented by Y chromosomes, are haplogroups R1a1, R2, H, L, and J2,^[6] as well as O-M175 in some parts (northeastern region) of the Indian subcontinent.^[7] Haplogroup R is the most observed Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup among the populations of South Asia^[5], followed by H, L, and J, in the listed order.^[5] These four haplogroups together constitute nearly 80% of all male Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in various populations of the region.^[5]

The Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroups R1a1, R2, L, and J2, which are found in higher frequencies among various populations of the Indian subcontinent, are also observed among various populations of Europe, Central Asia, and Middle East.^[8] Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in South Asia show strong affinity towards West Eurasian uniparental male line of ancestry while the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups found in most of the populations of the region show an admixture of West Eurasian and indigenous ancient South Asian uniparental female lines of ancestries in contrast.^[5]

Some researchers have argued that Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is of autochthonous South Asian origin.^[9] However, proposals for a Eurasian Steppe origin for R1a1 are also quite common and supported by several more recent studies.^[10] The spread of R1a1 in Indian subcontinent is associated with Indo-Aryan migrations into the region from South Central Asia that occurred around 3,500-4,000 years before present.^[5]

The Haplogroup R2 is mostly restricted to various populations of the Indian subcontinent, in addition to some populations of South Central Asia and parts of Middle East where it is observed in low frequencies.^[5] R2 has high frequency among the speakers of the Dravidian languages of South India and it spread throughout the Indian subcontinent during the Neolithic period, before the spread of R1a1 in the region.^[5]

The Haplogroup H (also known as the "Indian marker"^[5]), which is a direct descendant of the Upper Paleolithic Eurasian Haplogroup HIJK, is mostly restricted to South Asian populations of the Indian subcontinent,^[5] in addition to some populations of South Central Asia and eastern Iranian plateau, where it is found in low frequencies.^[6] It originated somewhere in the Middle East or South Central Asia and travelled to Indian subcontinent and adjoining areas of the eastern Iranian plateau around 40,000-50,000 years before present.^[5]

The Haplogroup L, which is thought to have originated near Pamir mountains of present-day Tajikistan in South Central Asia,^[5] travelled throughout Indian subcontinent during the Neolithic period, and it is associated with the spread of the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) in South Asia, which existed around 3,300-5,300 years before present.^[5] It is also observed among many populations of the Iranian plateau. The spread of the Haplogroup J2 from Iranian plateau into Indian subcontinent also occurred during the Neolithic period, alongside L.^[5]

The Haplogroup O-M175, which is a major haplogroup observed among the populations of East and Southeast Asia, is found among many Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman speakers of northeastern regions of the Indian subcontinent.^[7]

Frequencies in South Asian ethnic groups

Listed below are some notable groups and populations from South Asia by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on various relevant studies.

The samples are taken from individuals identified with specific linguistic designations (IE=Indo-European, Dr=Dravidian, AA=Austro-Asiatic, ST=Sino-Tibetan) and individual linguistic groups, the third column (n) gives the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the respective haplogroups.

Majority of the Indo-European (IE) speakers of South Asia speak Indo-Aryan languages, followed by Iranian languages, both of which belong to Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.^[11]^[12] They form around 75% of the South Asian populations.^[11]

The Dravidian (Dr) speakers of South Asia are mostly clustered in South India and Balochistan.^[13] They form around 20% of the South Asian populations.^[13]

The Sino-Tibetan (ST) speakers in northeastern parts of the Indian subcontinent speak various languages belonging to Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.^[14]

The Austroasiatic (AA) speakers of South Asia are scattered in parts of East India and Bangladesh.

Note: The converted frequencies from some old studies conducted in 2000s may lead to unsubstantial frequencies below. Table below has been sorted in alphabetical order based on the name of the population.

**Frequencies of Y chromosome DNA haplogroups in some selected ethnic groups of South Asia**
Population	Language (if specified)	n	C	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	N	O	P	Q	R	R1	R1a	R1b	R2	T	Others	Reference
Andhra Tribals (Andhra Pradesh, India)	Dr (Telugu)	29	0	0	10.3%	3.4%	34.5%	0	3.4%	0	6.9%	0	6.9%	0	0	0	0	27.6%	0	6.9%	0		Fornarino2009^[15]
Balochi (Balochistan, Pakistan)	IE (Balochi)	25	0	8%	0	0	4%	0	16%	0	24%	0	0	0	0	0	8%	20%	8%	12%	0		Sengupta2006^[9]
Bengalis (Bangladesh)	IE (Bengali)	42	7.14%	0	0	4.72%	35.71%	0	11.9%	0	4.76%	0	9.52%	0	2.38%	0	0	21.43%	0	7.14%	0		Poznik2016^[16]
Bengalis (Bangladesh)	IE (Bengali)	649	0	2.62%	0	1.08%	17.72%	4.16%	15.72%	0	17.41%	0.46%	0	0	6.93%	0	0	31.59%	0.62%	0	0		Hasan2019^[17]
Bengalis (West Bengal, India)	IE (Bengali)	31	3.2%	0	3.2%	3.2%	9.7%	0	9.7%	0	0	0	3.2%	0	0	0	0	38.7%	6.5%	22.6%	0		Kivisild2003^[18]
Bhargavas (India)	IE (Indo-Aryan)	96	6.3%	0	4.2%	0	16.7%	0	6.3%	4.2%	0	0	2.1%	4.2%	0	0	0	22.9%	1%	32.3%	0		Zhao2009^[19]
Bihar Paswan (Bihar, India)	IE (Bhojpuri)	27	0	0	3.7%	11.11%	14.81%	0	3.7%	0	7.41%	0	3.7%	0	0	3.7%	11.11%	40.74%	0	0	0		Sharma2009^[20]
Bihar Brahmins (Bihar, India)	IE (Maithili)	38	2.63%	0	0	0	0	0	2.63%	5.26%	13.16%	0	0	0	5.26%	0	5.26%	60.53%	0	5.26%	0		Sharma2009^[20]
Brahmins (India)	IE (Indo-Aryan), Dr (Dravidian)	118	10.2%	0	2.5%	1.7%	11.9%	0	11.9%	1.7%	2.5%	0	4.2%	3.4%	0	0	0	28%	1.7%	20.3%	0		Zhao2009^[19]
Brahui (Balochistan, Pakistan)	Dr (Brahui)	25	4%	0	0	16%	4%	0	28%	0	8%	0	4%	0	0	0	0	24%	0	12%	0		Sengupta2006^[9]
Burusho (Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan)	Isolate (Burushaski)	97	8.2%	0	1%	1%	4.1%	0	8.2%	0	16.5%	0	3.1%	1%	2.1%	0	0	27.9%	0	14.4%	0%		Firasat2006^[21]
Chakma (Bangladesh)	IE (Chakma)	116	0	1.72%	0	3.45%	4.31%	6.03%	10.34%	0	52.59%	1.72%	0	0	13.79%	0	0	4.31%	0	0	0		Hasan2019^[17]
Chamar (Hindi Belt, India)	IE (Indo-Aryan)	18	5.6%	0	0	0	44.4%	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	38.9%	0	11.1%	0		Sengupta2006^[9]
Chaturvedis (Hindi Belt, India)	IE (Hindi)	88	9.1%	0	3.4%	0	6.8%	0	12.5%	4.5%	2.3%	0	2.3%	3.4%	0	0	0	23.9%	0	31.8%	0		Zhao2009^[19]
Chenchu (South India)	Dr (Telugu)	41	4.9%	0	0	0	36.6%	0	7.3%	0	14.6%	0	0	0	0	0	0	26.8%	2.4%	7.3%	0		Kivisild2003^[18]
Dawoodi Bohra (Gujarat, India)	IE (Gujarati)	50	2%	0	4%	0	26%	0	8%	0	6%	0	0	8%	0	0	0	30%	0	16%	0		Eaaswarkhanth2009^[22]
Dawoodi Bohra (Tamil Nadu, India)	IE (Urdu)	26	0	0	0	0	38.5%	0	0	0	7.7%	0	0	0	0	0	0	53.9%	0	0	0		Eaaswarkhanth2009^[22]
Gujarat Bhils (Gujarat, India)	IE (Bhil)	22	9.09%	0	0	0	27.27%	0	18.18%	0	18.18%	0	0	0	0	0	0	9.09%	0	18.18%	0		Sharma2009^[20]
Gujarat Brahmins (Gujarat, India)	IE (Gujarati)	64	3.33%	3.33%	0	10.94%	1.56%	0	15.63%	3.13%	7.81%	3.13%	0	0	0	0	9.38%	32.81%	0	9.38%	0		Sharma2009^[20]
Gujarati Indians (USA)	IE (Gujarati)	58	20.69%	0	0	3.45%	20.69%	0	8.62%	0	8.62%	0	0	0	0	0	0	27.59%	1.72%	8.62%	0		Poznik2016^[16]
Gujaratis (Gujarat, India)	IE (Gujarati)	29	17.2%	0	0	0	13.8%	0	20.7%	0	10.4%	0	0	3.5%	0	3.5%	0	24.1%	0	3.5%	3.5%		Kivisild2003^[18]
Hazara (Balochistan, Pakistan)	IE (Hazaragi)	25	40%	0	0	0	0	4%	4%	0	0	0	8%	0	8%	0	0	0	32%	4%	0		Sengupta2006^[9]
Himachal Brahmin (Himachal Pradesh, India)	IE (Pahari)	19	5.26%	0	15.79%	0	10.53%	0	5.26%	0	5.26%	0	0	0	0	0	5.26%	47.37%	0	5.26%	0		Sharma2009^[20]
India	IE (Indo-Aryan), Dr (Dravidian), AA (Austroasiatic), ST (Tibeto-Burman)	728	1.8%	0	5.2%	1.2%	26.4%	0	9.3%	0	18.7%	0	23.9%	0	0.4%	0	0	27.3%	0.5%	9.3%	0		Sengupta2006^[9]
India	IE (Indo-Aryan), Dr (Dravidian), AA (Austroasiatic), ST (Tibeto-Burman)	1152	1.4%	0	3%	0.1%	23%	0	9.1%	0	17.5%	0	18%	2.7%	0	0	0	28.3%	0.5%	13.5%	3.1%		Trivedi2007^[23]
India	IE (Indo-Aryan), Dr (Dravidian), AA (Austroasiatic), ST (Tibeto-Burman)	1,615	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.3%	0	0	0	0	0	0		Sharma2007^[24]
India (Central)	IE (Indo-Aryan), Dr (Dravidian)	50	0	0	4%	2%	20%	0	4%	0	4%	0	8%	0	0	0	0	50%	0	6%	0%		Sahoo2006^[25]
India (East)	IE (Indo-Aryan), AA (Austroasiatic), Dr (Dravidian)	367	0.8%	0	2.7%	0	19.3%	0	4.1%	0	1.9%	0	20.7%	2.7%	0	0	0	23.2%	0	15.5%	3.8%		Sahoo2006^[25]
India (West)	IE (Indo-Aryan)	204	5.4%	0	0.5%	0	33.3%	0	11.3%	0	11.8%	0	0	2.5%	0	0	0	35%	0	6.4%	0.5%		Sahoo2006^[25]
India (North)	IE (Indo-Aryan), ST (Tibeto-Burman)	180	0	0	1.1%	0.6%	24.5%	0	7.8%	0	1.7%	0	2.3%	0	0	0	0	48.9%	0.6%	11.1%	0%		Trivedi2007^[23]
India (Northeast)	ST (Tibeto-Burman)	108	0	0	0	0	0.9%	0	0	0	0	0	79.7%	4.6%	0	0	0	1.9%	0	0	0		Trivedi2007^[23]
India (S. Gujarat tribals)	IE (Indo-Aryan)	284	8.5%	0	4.2%	0	40.1%	0	10.2%	2.8%	3.2%	0	0	0	2.8%	0	0	18.7%	0	9.5%	0		Khurana2014^[26]
India (South)	Dr (Dravidian)	372	1.9%	0	4%	0	27.5%	0	19.7%	0	10.8%	0	0	1.6%	0	0	0	26.7%	1.3%	21.5%	5.1%		Trivedi2007^[23]
India Shia (India)	IE (Urdu)	161	3.7%	1.9%	5.6%	5%	8.6%	0	28.7%	0	0	0	0.6%	5%	0	0	3.7%	27.9%	0	9.3%	0		Eaaswarkhanth2009^[22]
Indian Dravidians	Dr (Dravidian)	353	1.7%	0	9.3%	2.3%	32.9%	0	19.7%	0	11.6%	0	13.6%	0	0.3%	0	0	26.7%	0.3%	6.2%	0		Sengupta2006^[9]
Indian Indo-Europeans	IE (Indo-Aryan)	205	2.4%	0	2.4%	0.5%	28.8%	0	11.3%	0	3.9%	0	4.9%	0	1%	0	0	48.9%	1.5%	13.7%	0		Sengupta2006^[9]
Indian Munda	AA (Munda)	892	0	0	4%	0	23.1%	0	3.9%	0	0	0	57.2%	1.8%	0	0	0	5.4%	0	4.4%	0		Kumar2007^[27]
Indian Sunni (India)	IE (Urdu)	129	0	0	3.1%	2.3%	14%	0	20.1%	2.3%	3.1%	0	0	1.5%	0	0	2.3%	39.5%	0	11.6%	0		Eaaswarkhanth2009^[22]
Indian tribes	IE (Indo-Aryan), Dr (Dravidian), AA (Austroasiatic), ST (Tibeto-Burman)	505	2.2%	0	2%	0.2%	21.2%	0	2.6%	0	3.2%	0	40.6%	3.2%	0	0	0	7.9%	1%	6.1%	4.2%		Trivedi2007^[23]
Indian Sino-Tibetans	ST (Tibeto-Burman)	87	1.1%	0	0	0	2.3%	0	0	0	0	0	86.2%	0	0	0	0	4.6%	0	5.7%	0		Sengupta2006^[9]
Indian Telugus (UK)	Dr (Telugu)	60	1.67%	0	0	0	26.67%	0	6.67%	0	1.67%	1.67%	0	0	1.67%	0	0	26.67%	0	20%	0		Poznik2016^[16]
India's Lower Castes	IE (Indo-Aryan), Dr (Dravidian)	261	0.8%	0	4.6%	0	27.6%	0	3.1%	0	5.4%	0	0.4%	2.3%	0	0	0	15.7%	0	27.6%	4.6%		Trivedi2007^[23]
India's Middle Castes	IE (Indo-Aryan), Dr (Dravidian)	175	0.6%	0	5.1%	0	21.1%	0	9.7%	0	5.7%	0	0	2.9%	0	0	0	26.3%	0	18.9%	1.7%		Trivedi2007^[23]
India's Upper Castes	IE (Indo-Aryan), Dr (Dravidian)	211	0.9%	0	1.9%	0	23.3%	0	10%	0	11.4%	0	0	1.9%	0	0	0	30.5%	0.5%	9%	0		Trivedi2007^[23]
Indo-Aryan Castes (India)	IE (Indo-Aryan)	29	5.3%	0	3.6%	0.6%	6.5%	0	16.6%	1.2%	11.2%	0	1.2%	4.1%	0	0	0	40.2	0	8.9%	0		Cordaux2004^[28]
Iranian Shia (India)	IE (Indo-Aryan)	25	0	0	16%	8%	4%	0	24%	28%	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4%	0	16%	0		Eaaswarkhanth2009^[22]
Jats (Punjab)	IE (Punjabi)	302	0	1%	0	3.6%	3.6%	1%	9.6%	0	36.8%	0	0	0	15.6%	28.5%	0	0	0	0	0.3%		Mahal2017^[29]
J&K Kashmir Gujars (Jammu and Kashmir, India)	IE (Gujari)	49	2.04%	0	4.08%	0	10.2%	0	6.12%	8.16%	16.33%	0	0	0	2%	0	2.04%	40.86%	0	8.16%	0		Sharma2009^[20]
J&K Kashmiri Pandits (Jammu and Kashmir, India)	IE (Kashmiri)	51	1.96%	0	3.92%	1.96%	9.8%	0	9.8%	9.8%	5.88%	0	0	0	5.88%	1.96%	11.76%	23.53%	0	13.73%	0		Sharma2009^[20]
Kalash (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)	IE (Kalasha)	44	0	0	0	18.2%	20.5%	0	9.1%	0	25%	0	0	0	0	0	0	18.2%	0	0	0		Firasat2006^[21]
Kathmandu (Nepal)	IE (Indo-Aryan), ST (Tibeto-Burman)	77	7.8%	0	0	0	11.7%	0	10.4%	0	0	0	20.8%	0	1.3%	0	0	35.1%	0	10.4%	0		Gayden2007^[30]
Khasi (Meghalaya, India)	AA (Khasi)	92	0	0	10.9%	0	6.5%	0	0	0	0	0	72.8%	4.4%	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		Kumar2007^[27]
Kodava (Karnataka, India)	Dr (Kodava)	50	2%	0	2%	0	8%	0	16%	0	18%	0	0	0	0	0	0	38%	0	16%	0		NI-Shodhganga^[31]
Khasi (Bangladesh)	AA (Khasi)	90	0	12.75%	0	0	3.92%	0	9.80%	0	45.10%	0	0	0	15.69%	0	0	12.75%	0	0	0		Hasan2019^[17]
Kokanastha Brahmin (Maharashtra, India)	IE (Marathi)	25	0	0	0	0	12%	0	28%	0	4%	0	0	0	0	0	0	40%	0	20%	0		Sengupta2006^[9]
Konkanastha Brahmins (Maharashtra, India)	IE (Marathi)	43	2.3%	0	2.3%	0	9.3%	0	14%	2.3%	18.6%	0	0	0	0	0	0	41.9%	0	9.3%	0		Kivisild2003^[18]
Koraga Tribals (Karnataka, India)	Dr (Koraga)	33	0	0	0	0	87.9%	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	6.1%	0	DE=6.1%	Cordaux2004^[28]
Koya (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India)	Dr (Koya)	41	0	0	26.8%	0	70.7%	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.4%	0	0	0		Kivisild2003^[18]
Lambadi (Rajasthan, India)	IE (Lambadi)	35	17.1%	0	2.9%	0	8.6%	0	5.7%	0	17.1%	0	0	2.9%	0	0	0	8.6%	37.1%	0	0		Kivisild2003^[18]
Madhya Pradesh Brahmins (Madhya Pradesh, India)	IE (Hindi)	42	0	0	2.38%	0	7.14%	0	23.81%	0	7.14%	2.38%	0	2.38%	4.76%	0	0	38.1%	0	0	0		Sharma2009^[20]
Madhya Pradesh Gonds (Madhya Pradesh, India)	Dr (Gondi)	64	0	0	0	0	62.5%	0	0	6.25%	0	0	6.25%	0	6.25%	0	0	18.75%	0	0	0		Sharma2009^[20]
Madhya Pradesh Saharia (Madhya Pradesh, India)	IE (Hindi)	57	0	0	5.27%	0	33.33%	0	0	3.51%	0	0	0	0	1.75%	0	0	50.87%	0	5.3%	0		Sharma2009^[20]
Maharashtra Brahmins (Maharashtra, India)	IE (Marathi)	30	3.33%	0	0	3.33%	10%	0	16.67%	3.33%	10%	3.33%	3.33%	0	0	0	0	43.33%	0	3.33%	0		Sharma2009^[20]
Manipuri (Bangladesh)	ST (Meitei)	102	0	0	0	5.56%	2.22%	10.00%	11.11%	0	25.56%	1.11%	0	0	15.56%	0	0	11.11%	0	0	0		Hasan2019^[17]
Mappila Muslims (Kerala, India)	Dr (Malayalam)	40	0	0	0	0	27.5%	0	20%	5%	10%	0	0	0	0	0	0	32.5%	0	5%	0		Eaaswarkhanth2009^[22]
Mundari (East India)	AA (Munda)	789	0	0	3.3%	0	25.4%	0	4.4%	0	0	0	55%	1.5%	0	0	0	0	0	4.9%	0		Kumar2007^[27]
New Delhi Hindus (New Delhi, India)	IE (Hindi)	49	0	0	0	2%	18.3%	0	8.1%	0	4.1%	0	2%	0	6.1%	0	0	34.7%	0	20.4%	0		Fornarino2009^[15]
Pakistan	IE (Indo-Aryan, Iranian)	176	7.4%	0	0	6.2%	6.2%	0	15.3%	0	13.1%	0	2.3%	0	3.4%	0	0	24.4%	7.4%	7.4%	0		Sengupta2006^[9]
Pakistan	IE (Indo-Aryan, Iranian), Dr (Brahui)	638	3%	0	0.8%	2.7%	2.5%	0	20.2%	0	11.6%	0	0.5%	0	2.2%	0	0	37.1%	0	7.8%	0		Firasat2006^[21]
Parsis (Western India – Lay)	IE (Persian)	122	0	5.7%	0	0	0	0	54.9%	1.6%	2.5%	0	0	23.8%	0	0	0	5.7%	0	0	0	BT=5.7%	López2017^[32]
Parsis (Western India – Priest)	IE (Persian)	71	0	1.4%	0	0	0	0	4.2%	0	54.9%	0	0	31.0%	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	BT=8.5%	López2017^[32]
Pashtun (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)	IE (Pashto)	96	0	0	2.1%	11.5%	4.2%	0	6.2%	0	12.5%	0	5.2%	0	5.2%	0	0	44.8%	0	0	1%		Firasat2006^[21]
Pathan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)	IE (Pashto)	21	4.8%	0	0	9.5%	14.3%	0	0	0	9.5%	0	0	0	9.5%	4.8%	0	38.1%	9.5%	9.5%	0		Sengupta2006^[9]
Punjab Brahmin (Punjab, India)	IE (Punjabi)	28	3.58%	0	3.57%	3.57%	0	0	21.43%	0	7.14%	0	0	0	0	0	0	35.71%	0	25%	0		Sharma2009^[20]
Punjabi (Punjab, India)	IE (Punjabi)	66	3%	0	0	0	4.6%	0	21.2%	0	12.1%	0	0	0	0	0	0	47%	7.6%	4.6%	0		Kivisild2003^[18]
Punjabis (Punjab, Pakistan)	IE (Punjabi)	48	2.08%	0	0	8.33%	6.25%	0	27.08%	0	4.17%	0	0	0	4.17%	0	0	35.42%	0	12.5%	0		Poznik2016^[16]
Rajput (North India)	IE (Indo-Aryan)	29	3.4%	0	3.4%	0	20.7%	0	17.2%	0	6.9%	0	3.4%	0	0	0	0	31%	0	13.8%	0		Sengupta2006^[9]
Rakhine (Bangladesh)	ST (Arakanese)	107	0	0	0	1.87%	6.54%	1.87%	13.08%	0	29.91%	3.74%	0	0	28.04%	0	0	10.28%	0	0	0		Hasan2019^[17]
Shia (India)	IE (Urdu)	154	9.1%	11%	3.3%	9.7%	7.8%	0	19.5%	3.3%	3.9%	0	2%	2%	0	0	0	15.6%	0	13%	0		Zhao2009^[19]
Sindhi (Sindh, Pakistan)	IE (Sindhi)	21	0	0	0	0	0	0	33.3%	0	4.8%	0	0	0	4.8%	0	0	52.4%	0	4.8%	0		Sengupta2006^[9]
Sinhalese (Sri Lanka)	IE (Sinhala)	39	0	0	10.3%	0	10.3%	0	10.3%	0	18%	0	0	0	0	0	0	12.8%	0	38.5%	0		Kivisild2003^[18]
Sri Lanka	IE (Sinhala)	74	0	0	9%	0	15%	0	14%	1%	19%	0	0	3%	0	0	0	27%	0	12%	0		Mustak2019^[33]
Sourashtrians (Tamil Nadu, India)	IE (Gujarati), Dr (Tamil)	46	6.5%	0	4.4%	0	15.2%	0	2.2%	0	26.1%	0	2.2%	0	0	0	0	39.1%	0	4.3%	0		Cordaux2004^[28]
South Indian Tribals (South India)	Dr (Dravidian), AA (Austroasiatic)	315	8.6%	0	18.1%	0	31.1%	0	2.9%	0	7%	0	6.7%	6%	0	0	0	8.9%	0	4.4%	0	DE=0.6%	Cordaux2004^[28]
South castes (South India)	Dr (Dravidian)	447	5.1%	0	11.9%	0	14.1%	0	9.8%	5.6%	21.9%	0	1.6%	1.9%	0	0	0	13.6%	0	10.6%	0		Cordaux2004^[28]
Sri Lanka	IE (Sinhala), Dr (Tamil)	91	3.3%	0	9.9%	5.5%	25.3%	0	19.8%	0	15.4%	0	1.1%	3.3%	0	0	0	13.2%	0	0	0		Karafet2005^[34]
Sri Lankan Tamils (UK)	Dr (Tamil)	55	1.8%	0	0	0	29.1%	0	14.5%	0	18.2%	0	0	0	3.6%	0	0	27.3%	0	5.5%	0		Poznik2016^[16]
Sunni (India)	IE (Urdu)	104	7.7%	0	2%	5.8%	10.6%	0	15.4%	2%	3.8%	0	2.9%	2%	0	0	0	28.8%	0	19.2%	0		Zhao2009^[19]
Tamil Nadu (India)	Dr (Tamil)	1680	4.4%	0.3%	16.3%	3.1%	23.6%	0	2.1%	14.0%	2.0%	0	0.4%	1.5%	2.0%	12.7%	0	8.2%	0	0.8%	0		ArunKumar 2012^[35]
Terai Hindus (Terai, Nepal)	IE (Nepali)	26	11.5%	0	0	0	3.8%	0	3.8%	0	0	0	3.8%	0	0	0	0	69.2%	0	3.8%	0		Fornarino2009^[15]
Tharu (Nepal)	IE (Tharu)	171	0.6%	0	0	0	25.7%	0	14%	0	2.3%	0	36.8%	0	1.2%	0	0	8.8%	0	4.7%	0		Fornarino2009^[15]
Tripuri (Bangladesh)	ST (Kokborok)	107	0	9.41%	0	1.18%	3.53%	3.53%	10.59%	0	65.88%	0	0	0	4.71%	0	0	0	0	0	0		Hasan2019^[17]
Uttar Pradesh (South) Kols (Uttar Pradesh, India)	AA (Munda)	54	0	0	0	0	11.11%	0	33.34%	0	0	0	40.74%	0	0	0	0	14.81%	0	0	0		Sharma2009^[20]
Uttar Pradesh (South) Gonds (Uttar Pradesh, India)	Dr (Gondi)	37	0	0	0	0	59.46%	0	18.92%	10.81%	0	2.7%	8.11%	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		Sharma2009^[20]
Uttar Pradesh Brahmin (Uttar Pradesh, India)	IE (Hindi)	31	0	0	0	0	16.13%	0	3.23%	0	3.21%	0	0	0	6.46%	0	0	67.74%	0	3.23%	0		Sharma2009^[20]
West Bengal Brahmins (West Bengal, India)	IE (Bengali)	18	0	0	0	0	5.56%	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	72.22%	0	22.22%	0		Sharma2009^[20]

Chronological development of haplogroups

Haplogroup	Possible time of origin	Possible place of origin	Possible TMRCA^[36]
A00	235,900^[36] or 275,000 years ago^[37]	Africa^[38]	37,600 years ago
CT	88,000^[36] or 101-100,000 years ago^[39]^[40]	Africa	68,500 years ago
C	65,900^[36] or 50,000-70,000 years ago^[41]	Indian subcontinent^[41] (part of first migration out of Africa to Southeast Asia through Coastal India^[5])	48,800 years ago
E	65,200,^[36] 69,000,^[39] or 73,000 years ago^[40]	Northeast Africa^[42] or Middle East^[43] (part of second migration out of Africa, initially settled in the Middle East^[5])	52,300 years ago
F	65,900 years ago^[36]	Northeast Africa^[5] or Middle East^[5] (its descendants are present in nearly 90% of all non-African populations^[5])	48,800 years ago
GHIJK	49,000 - 59,000 years ago^[44]	Indian subcontinent or Southeast Asia^[45]	48,500 years ago
HIJK	48,500 - 59,000 years ago^[36]^[44]	Eurasia	48,500 years ago
G	more than 48,500 years ago^[36]	Eastern edge of Iranian plateau^[5], close to the Indus valley^[5] (border of Middle East and Indian subcontinent^[5])	25,200 years ago
K	47,200 years ago^[36]	Iran^[5] or South Central Asia^[5]	45,400 years ago
H	45,400 years ago^[36]	Middle East or South Central Asia^[5], known as "Indian Marker"^[5]^[46]^[47]	45,600 years ago
P	45,400 years ago^[36]	South Central Asia^[5], North of Hindu Kush mountains^[5]	41,500 years ago
J	42,900 years ago^[36]^[42]	Mesopotamia in northern Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East^[5]	31,600 years ago
I	42,900 years ago^[36]	Europe, Near East, Central Asia, known as the "European Haplogroup"^[5]	27,500 years ago
L	42,600 years ago^[36]	Eastern Iranian plateau in the Middle East^[48]^[19]^[49] or Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan in South-Central Asia^[5]^[50]^[47]	23,100 years ago
T	42,600 years ago^[36]	Europe,^[5] Middle East,^[51]^[52] Northeast Africa^[5]	26,900 years ago
O	41,750^[53] or 36,800 years ago^[36]	Central or East Asia^[5]	30,500 years ago
N	36,800 years ago^[36]^[54]	North Eurasia^[55] or East Asia^[54]	22,000 years ago
R	31,900 years ago^[36]	Central Asia (from Caspian sea to border of Western China)^[5] or Siberia^[5]	28,200 years ago
Q	31,700 years ago^[56]^[57]	Southern Siberia (adjacent to the border between Central Asia and North Asia)^[5]^[56]^[57]	28,700 years ago
J-M172 (J2)	31,600 years ago^[36]^[42]	Iranian plateau in Middle East	27,600 years ago
R-M173 (R1)	28,200 years ago^[36]	Central Asia	22,800 years ago
R-M479 (R2)	28,200 years ago^[36]	Indian subcontinent or South Central Asia	16,300 years ago
R-M420 (R1a)	22,800 years ago^[36]^[20]	Eurasia	18,200 years ago
R-M17 (R1a1)	13,000^[20] or 18,000 years ago^[58]	Eurasian Steppe^[5] or Indian subcontinent^[20]^[9]
R-M343 (R1b)	22,800 years ago^[36]^[59]	Eurasia^[60]	20,400 years ago

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^ Harney, Éadaoin; May, Hila; Shalem, Dina; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Sarig, Rachel; Stewardson, Kristin; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Patterson, Nick; Hershkovitz, Israel; Reich, David (20 August 2018). "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3336. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3336H. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05649-9. PMC 6102297. PMID 30127404.
^ Elkamel, Sarra; Marques, Sofia L.; Alvarez, Luis; Gomes, Veronica; Boussetta, Sami; Mourali-Chebil, Soufia; Khodjet-El-Khil, Houssein; Cherni, Lotfi; Benammar-Elgaaied, Amel; Prata, Maria J. (3 August 2021). "Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15728. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x. PMC 8333252. PMID 34344940.
^ Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, Georgi Hudjashov, Nicolas Brucato, Chelzie Crenna-Darusallam, Maximilian Larena, Phillip L Endicott, Mattias Jakobsson, J Stephen Lansing, Herawati Sudoyo, Matthew Leavesley, Mait Metspalu, François-Xavier Ricaut, and Murray P Cox, "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages," Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac045
^ ^a ^b Shi, Hong; Qi, Xuebin; Zhong, Hua; Peng, Yi; Zhang, Xiaoming; Ma, Runlin Z.; Su, Bing (2013). "Genetic Evidence of an East Asian Origin and Paleolithic Northward Migration of Y-chromosome Haplogroup N". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e66102. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...866102S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066102. PMC 3688714. PMID 23840409.
^ (Rootsi et al. 2006)
^ ^a ^b Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz; Roberta Eckert; Ana C.S. Valls; Mauricio R. Bogo; Francisco M. Salzano; David Glenn Smith; Wilson A. Silva; Marco A. Zago; Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos; Sidney E.B. Santos; Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler; Sandro L. Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3): 583–92. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
^ ^a ^b Zegura, S. L.; Karafet, TM; Zhivotovsky, LA; Hammer, MF (2003). "High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (1): 164–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095.
^ Evatt D (1 November 2013). "The Evatt Clan: A Worldwide Historical Review of the Evatt Family Surname". Danny Evatt – via Google Books.
^ ftDNA
^ Myres2010

External links

Y-DNA Ethnographic and Genographic Atlas and Open-Source Data Compilation

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[Karmin2022-53] Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, Georgi Hudjashov, Nicolas Brucato, Chelzie Crenna-Darusallam, Maximilian Larena, Phillip L Endicott, Mattias Jakobsson, J Stephen Lansing, Herawati Sudoyo, Matthew Leavesley, Mait Metspalu, François-Xavier Ricaut, and Murray P Cox, "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages," Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac045

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[55] (Rootsi et al. 2006)

[Fagundes-56] Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz; Roberta Eckert; Ana C.S. Valls; Mauricio R. Bogo; Francisco M. Salzano; David Glenn Smith; Wilson A. Silva; Marco A. Zago; Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos; Sidney E.B. Santos; Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler; Sandro L. Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3): 583–92. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2013-05-22.

[Zegura-57] Zegura, S. L.; Karafet, TM; Zhivotovsky, LA; Hammer, MF (2003). "High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (1): 164–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095.

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[59] tDNA

[60] Myres2010

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[2]

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[9]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|none}} <!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! -->
 '''Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of [[South Asia]]''' are [[haplogroup]]s of the male [[Y-chromosome]] found in South Asian populations.
+[[File:South Asia (ed)update.PNG|thumb|340px|Various definitions of [[South Asia]], including the definition by [[United Nations Statistics Division]] (UNSD), which was created for "statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories."<ref name="Millenniumindicators.un.org">{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |access-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711220015/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |archive-date=11 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
 ==Major Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups in South Asia==
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 [[South Asia]], located on the crossroads of Western [[Eurasia]] and  Eastern Eurasia, accounts for about 39.49% of [[Asia]]'s population,<ref name=EoMA>"[http://www.bookrags.com/research/indian-subcontinent-ema-03/ Indian Subcontinent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121100141/http://www.bookrags.com/research/indian-subcontinent-ema-03/ |date=21 January 2012 }}". ''Encyclopedia of Modern Asia''. Macmillan Reference USA (Gale Group), 2006: "The area is divided between five major nation-states, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and includes as well the two small nations of Bhutan and the Maldives Republic... The total area can be estimated at 4.4 million square kilometres or exactly 10 percent of the land surface of Asia... In 2000, the total population was about 22 percent of the world's population and 34 percent of the population of Asia."</ref> and over 24% of the world's population.<ref name=JJCO>{{cite journal |last=Desai |first=Praful B. |year=2002 |title=Cancer control efforts in the Indian subcontinent |url=http://jjco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/32/suppl_1/S13.pdf |journal=Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=32 (Supplement 1) |pages=S13–S16 |doi=10.1093/jjco/hye139 |pmid=11959872 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224090124/https://academic.oup.com/jjco/article/32/suppl_1/S13/881653 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is home to a vast array of people who belong to [[South Asian ethnic groups|diverse ethnic groups]], who migrated to the region during different periods of time.<ref name=Britannica>
 [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38479/Asia "Asia" > Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501014535/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38479/Asia |date=1 May 2011 }}.  ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2009: "The Indian subcontinent is home to a vast diversity of peoples, most of whom speak languages from the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European family."
 </ref>
 The presence of [[Himalayas]] in northern and eastern borders of South Asia have limited migrations from Eastern Eurasia into [[Indian subcontinent]] in the past. Hence most of the male-mediated migrations into South Asia occurred from Western Eurasia into the region, as seen in the Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroup variations of populations in the region.<ref name="David2018"/>
-The major paternal lineages of South Asian populations, represented by [[Y chromosome]]s, are haplogroups '''[[Haplogroup R1a1|R1a1]]''', '''[[Haplogroup R2|R2]]''', '''[[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]]''', '''[[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L]]''', and '''[[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2]]''',<ref name="s_a">{{cite book | vauthors = Endicott P, Metspalu M, Kivisild T |chapter=Genetic evidence on modern human dispersals in South Asia: Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA perspectives |editor1=Michael D. Petraglia |editor2=Bridget Allchin |title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4020-5561-4 |pages=201–228 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA201}}</ref> as well as '''[[Haplogroup O-M175|O-M175]]''' in some parts (northeastern region) of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Arunkumar_2015">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Arunkumar G, Wei LH, Kavitha VJ, Syama A, Arun VS, Sathua S, Sahoo R, Balakrishnan R, Riba T, Chakravarthy J, Chaudhury B | display-authors = 6 |date=2015|title=A late Neolithic expansion of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2a1-M95 from east to west |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=546–560|doi=10.1111/jse.12147 | s2cid = 83103649 |doi-access=free }}</ref>  Haplogroup R is the most observed Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup among the populations of South Asia,<ref name="David2018"/> followed by H, L, and J, in the listed order.<ref name="David2018"/> These four haplogroups together constitute nearly 80% of all male Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in various populations of the region.<ref name="David2018"/>
+The major paternal lineages of South Asian populations, represented by [[Y chromosome]]s, are haplogroups '''[[Haplogroup R1a1|R1a1]]''', '''[[Haplogroup R2|R2]]''', '''[[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]]''', '''[[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L]]''', and '''[[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2]]''',<ref name="s_a">{{cite book | vauthors = Endicott P, Metspalu M, Kivisild T |chapter=Genetic evidence on modern human dispersals in South Asia: Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA perspectives |editor1=Michael D. Petraglia |editor2=Bridget Allchin |title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4020-5561-4 |pages=201–228 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA201}}</ref> as well as '''[[Haplogroup O-M175|O-M175]]''' in some parts (northeastern region) of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Arunkumar_2015">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Arunkumar G, Wei LH, Kavitha VJ, Syama A, Arun VS, Sathua S, Sahoo R, Balakrishnan R, Riba T, Chakravarthy J, Chaudhury B | display-authors = 6 |date=2015|title=A late Neolithic expansion of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2a1-M95 from east to west |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=546–560|doi=10.1111/jse.12147 | s2cid = 83103649 }}</ref>  Haplogroup R is the most observed Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup among the populations of South Asia<ref name="David2018"/>, followed by H, L, and J, in the listed order.<ref name="David2018"/> These four haplogroups together constitute nearly 80% of all male Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in various populations of the region.<ref name="David2018"/>
-The Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroups R1a1, R2, L, and J2, which are found in higher frequencies among various populations of the [[Indian subcontinent]], are also observed among various populations of [[Europe]], [[Central Asia]], and [[Middle East]].<ref name="indeur">{{cite book | veditors = Renfrew C, Boyle K | year = 2000a | title = An Indian Ancestry: a Key for Understanding Human Diversity in Europe and Beyond  | url = http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Kivisild2000.pdf | isbn= 978-1-902937-08-3| vauthors = Renfrew C, Boyle KV | publisher = McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research }}</ref> Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in South Asia show strong affinity towards West Eurasian uniparental male line of ancestry while the [[MtDNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia|mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups found in most of the populations of the region]] show an admixture of West Eurasian and indigenous ancient South Asian uniparental female lines of ancestries in contrast.<ref name="David2018"/>
+The Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroups R1a1, R2, L, and J2, which are found in higher frequencies among various populations of the [[Indian subcontinent]], are also observed among various populations of [[Europe]], [[Central Asia]], and [[Middle East]].<ref name="indeur">{{cite book | veditors = Renfrew C, Boyle K | year = 2000a | title = An Indian Ancestry: a Key for Understanding Human Diversity in Europe and Beyond  | url = http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Kivisild2000.pdf | isbn= 978-1-902937-08-3| vauthors = Renfrew C, Boyle KV }}</ref> Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in South Asia show strong affinity towards West Eurasian uniparental male line of ancestry while the [[MtDNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia|mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups found in most of the populations of the region]] show an admixture of West Eurasian and indigenous ancient South Asian uniparental female lines of ancestries in contrast.<ref name="David2018"/>
-Some researchers have argued that [[Haplogroup R1a|Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a1 (M17)]] is of [[autochthon (person)|autochthonous]] South Asian origin.<ref name = "Sengupta2006"/> However, proposals for a [[Eurasian Steppe]] origin for R1a1 are also quite common and supported by several more recent studies.<ref name="Joseph 2017">{{cite news | vauthors = Joseph T |date=16 June 2017 |url= https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/how-genetics-is-settling-the-aryan-migration-debate/article19090301.ece |title=How genetics is settling the Aryan migration debate |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The spread of R1a1 in Indian subcontinent is associated with [[Indo-Aryan migrations]] into the region from South [[Central Asia]] that occurred around 3,500-4,000 years before present.<ref name="David2018"/>.The R1a-Z93 paternal genetic in Romani people was also discovered.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/r1a1a-conquers-the-worldin-a-few-pulses | title=R1a1a conquers the world...in a few pulses? }}</ref> Indian-Brahmin origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1*.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=19158816 | year=2009 | last1=Sharma | first1=S. | last2=Rai | first2=E. | last3=Sharma | first3=P. | last4=Jena | first4=M. | last5=Singh | first5=S. | last6=Darvishi | first6=K. | last7=Bhat | first7=A. K. | last8=Bhanwer | first8=A. J. | last9=Tiwari | first9=P. K. | last10=Bamezai | first10=R. N. | title=The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system | journal=Journal of Human Genetics | volume=54 | issue=1 | pages=47–55 | doi=10.1038/jhg.2008.2 | s2cid=22162114 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
+Some researchers have argued that [[Haplogroup R1a|Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a1 (M17)]] is of [[autochthon (person)|autochthonous]] South Asian origin.<ref name = "Sengupta2006"/> However, proposals for a [[Eurasian Steppe]] origin for R1a1 are also quite common and supported by several more recent studies.<ref name="Joseph 2017">{{cite news | vauthors = Joseph T |date=16 June 2017 |url= https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/how-genetics-is-settling-the-aryan-migration-debate/article19090301.ece |title=How genetics is settling the Aryan migration debate |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The spread of R1a1 in Indian subcontinent is associated with [[Indo-Aryan migrations]] into the region from South [[Central Asia]] that occurred around 3,500-4,000 years before present.<ref name="David2018"/>
-The [[Haplogroup R2]] is mostly restricted to various populations of the Indian subcontinent, in addition to some populations of South Central Asia and parts of [[Middle East]] where it is observed in low frequencies.<ref name="David2018"/> R2 has high frequency among the speakers of the [[Dravidian languages]] of [[South India]] and it spread throughout the Indian subcontinent during the spread of agriculture associated with the [[Neolithic Revolution]], before the spread of [[R1a1]] in the region.<ref name="David2018"/>
+The [[Haplogroup R2]] is mostly restricted to various populations of the Indian subcontinent, in addition to some populations of South Central Asia and parts of [[Middle East]] where it is observed in low frequencies.<ref name="David2018"/> R2 has high frequency among the speakers of the [[Dravidian languages]] of [[South India]] and it spread throughout the Indian subcontinent during the [[Neolithic]] period, before the spread of R1a1 in the region.<ref name="David2018"/>
 The [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup H]] (also known as the "Indian marker"<ref name="David2018"/>), which is a direct descendant of the [[Upper Paleolithic]] [[Eurasia]]n [[Haplogroup HIJK]], is mostly restricted to South Asian populations of the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="David2018"/> in addition to some populations of South [[Central Asia]] and eastern [[Iranian plateau]], where it is found in low frequencies.<ref name="s_a"/> It originated somewhere in the [[Middle East]] or South [[Central Asia]] and travelled to [[Indian subcontinent]] and adjoining areas of the eastern [[Iranian plateau]] around 40,000-50,000 years before present.<ref name="David2018"/>
 The [[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup L]], which is thought to have originated near [[Pamir mountains]] of present-day [[Tajikistan]] in South [[Central Asia]],<ref name="David2018"/> travelled throughout [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[Neolithic]] period, and it is associated with the spread of the [[Bronze Age]] [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC)]] in South Asia, which existed around 3,300-5,300 years before present.<ref name="David2018"/> It is also observed among many populations of the [[Iranian plateau]]. The spread of the [[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J2]] from [[Iranian plateau]] into Indian subcontinent also occurred during the [[Neolithic]] period, alongside L.<ref name="David2018"/>
-[[File:Geographical frequency distribution of Haplogroup J2b2-M241 (Y-DNA).png |thumbnail| frequency distribution of Y-DNA haplogroup J2b2-M241]]
 The [[Haplogroup O-M175]], which is a major haplogroup observed among the populations of [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]], is found among many [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] speakers of northeastern regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Arunkumar_2015"/>
 ==Frequencies in South Asian ethnic groups==
+[[File:South Asian Language Families.png|thumbnail|A map of the major [[Language family|language families]] of South Asia]]
-[[File:PCA of Maharashtra population in the context of rest of the populations of India.png |thumbnail| Principal component (PC) scatter plot of mtDNA (a) and Y chromosomal (b) among the population of Maharashtra and other contemporary populations. <ref> Chaubey, G., Ayub, Q., Rai, N. et al. “Like sugar in milk”: reconstructing the genetic history of the Parsi population. Genome Biol 18, 110 (2017) </ref>]]
+Listed below are some notable groups and populations from [[South Asia]] by [[human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups]] based on various relevant studies.
-Listed below are some notable groups and populations from [[South Asia]] by [[human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups]] based on various relevant studies.
 The samples are taken from individuals identified with specific linguistic designations ('''IE'''=[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], '''Dr'''=[[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], '''AA'''=[[Austro-Asiatic]], '''ST'''=[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]) and individual linguistic groups, the third column ('''n''') gives the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the respective haplogroups.
@@ Line 39: / Line 36: @@
 The [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] ('''Dr''') speakers of South Asia are mostly clustered in [[South India]] and [[Balochistan]].<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|title= Overview of Dravidian languages |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=4 July 2018}}</ref> They form around 20% of the South Asian populations.<ref name="EB"/>
-The [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] ('''ST''') speakers in northeastern parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] speak various languages belonging to [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman branch]] of the Sino-Tibetan language family.<ref name="tb">{{cite book | chapter = The Tibeto-Burman languages of northeast India | last = Burling | first = Robbins | author-link = Robbins Burling | title = Sino-Tibetan Languages | pages = 169–191 | editor1-last = Thurgood | editor1-first = Graham | editor2-last = LaPolla | editor2-first = Randy J. | location = London | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1 }}</ref>
+The [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] ('''ST''') speakers in northeastern parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] speak various languages belonging to [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman branch]] of the Sino-Tibetan language family.<ref name="tb">{{cite book | chapter = The Tibeto-Burman languages of northeast India | last = Burling | first = Robbins | author-link = Robbins Burling | title = Sino-Tibetan Languages | pages = 169–191 | editor1-last = Thurgood | editor1-first = Graham | editor2-last = LaPolla | editor2-first = Randy J. | location = London | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1 | postscript = .}}</ref>
 The [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] ('''AA''') speakers of South Asia are scattered in parts of [[East India]] and [[Bangladesh]].
@@ Line 49: / Line 46: @@
 *****************************************************************************************************
  -->
-{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 75%; border:1"
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 75%"; border="1"
 |+ '''Frequencies of Y chromosome DNA haplogroups in some selected ethnic groups of South Asia'''
 ! align="center"|'''Population'''
@@ Line 77: / Line 74: @@
 |-
 ! [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] [[Adivasi|Tribals]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
-| Dr<br />([[Telugu language|Telugu]])|| 29 || {{gold (color)|0}} || {{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|10.3%}} || {{turquoise|3.4%}} || {{orange|34.5%}} || {{olive|0}} || {{green|3.4%}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|6.9%}} || {{lime|0}} || {{silver (color)|6.9%}} || {{aqua|0}} || {{cyan|0}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|27.6%}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|6.9%}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Fornarino2009<ref name = "Fornarino2009" >{{cite journal | vauthors = Fornarino S, Pala M, Battaglia V, Maranta R, Achilli A, Modiano G, Torroni A, Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti SA | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 9 | pages = 154 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19573232 | pmc = 2720951 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
+| Dr<br />([[Telugu language|Telugu]])|| 29 || {{gold (color)|0}} || {{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|10.3%}} || {{turquoise|3.4%}} || {{orange|34.5%}} || {{olive|0}} || {{green|3.4%}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|6.9%}} || {{lime|0}} || {{silver (color)|6.9%}} || {{aqua|0}} || {{cyan|0}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|27.6%}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|6.9%}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Fornarino2009<ref name = "Fornarino2009" >{{cite journal | vauthors = Fornarino S, Pala M, Battaglia V, Maranta R, Achilli A, Modiano G, Torroni A, Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti SA | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 9 | pages = 154 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19573232 | pmc = 2720951 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 }}</ref>
 |-
 ! [[Baloch people|Balochi]] ([[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]])
@@ Line 109: / Line 106: @@
 | Isolate <br />([[Burushaski language|Burushaski]]) || 97 || {{gold (color)|8.2%}} || {{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|1%}} || {{turquoise|1%}} || {{orange|4.1%}} || {{olive|0}} || {{green|8.2%}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|16.5%}} || {{lime|0}} || {{silver (color)|3.1%}} || {{aqua|1%}} || {{cyan|2.1%}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|27.9%}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|14.4%}} || {{yellow|0%}} || || Firasat2006<ref name = "Firasat2006" >{{cite journal | vauthors = Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Ayub Q | display-authors = 6 | title = Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 121–6 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17047675 | pmc = 2588664 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726 }}</ref>
 |-
-! [[Chakma people|Chakma]] ([[Bangladesh]])
+! [[Chakma people| Chakma]] ([[Bangladesh]])
 | IE <br />([[Chakma language|Chakma]])||116 || {{gold (color)|0}} ||{{maroon|1.72%}} || {{magenta|0}} || {{turquoise|3.45%}}	||{{orange|4.31%}}	|| {{olive|6.03%}}	|| {{green|10.34%}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|52.59%}} || {{lime|1.72%}}	|| {{silver (color)|0}} || {{aqua|0}} ||{{cyan|13.79%}} || {{grey|0}} ||{{blue|0}} || {{pink|4.31%}} ||	{{purple|0}} ||	{{brown|0}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Hasan2019<ref name= "Hasan2019"/>
 |-
@@ Line 153: / Line 150: @@
 |-
 ! India
-| IE ([[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]),<br /> Dr ([[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]),<br /> AA ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]),<br /> ST ([[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]) || 1,615 || {{gold (color)|0}} || {{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|0}} || {{turquoise|0}} || {{orange|0}} || {{olive|0}} || {{green|0}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|0}} || {{lime|0}} || {{silver (color)|0}} || {{aqua|0}} || {{cyan|1.3%}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|0}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|0}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Sharma2007<ref name = "S Sharma 2007" >{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharma S, Rai E, Bhat AK, Bhanwer AS, Bamezai RN | title = A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q in India | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 7 | pages = 232 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 18021436 | pmc = 2258157 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-232 | doi-access = free }}, Q4 is currently Q1a2-M346</ref>
+| IE ([[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]),<br /> Dr ([[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]),<br /> AA ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]),<br /> ST ([[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]) || 1,615 || {{gold (color)|0}} || {{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|0}} || {{turquoise|0}} || {{orange|0}} || {{olive|0}} || {{green|0}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|0}} || {{lime|0}} || {{silver (color)|0}} || {{aqua|0}} || {{cyan|1.3%}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|0}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|0}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Sharma2007<ref name = "S Sharma 2007" >{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharma S, Rai E, Bhat AK, Bhanwer AS, Bamezai RN | title = A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q in India | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 7 | pages = 232 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 18021436 | pmc = 2258157 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-232 }}, Q4 is currently Q1a2-M346</ref>
 |-
 ! India ([[Central India|Central]])
@@ Line 186: / Line 183: @@
 |-
 ! [[Munda peoples|Indian Munda]]
-| AA <br />([[Munda language|Munda]])|| 892 || {{gold (color)|0}} || {{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|4%}} || {{turquoise|0}} || {{orange|23.1%}} || {{olive|0}} || {{green|3.9%}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|0}} || {{lime|0}} || {{silver (color)|57.2%}} || {{aqua|1.8%}} || {{cyan|0}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|5.4%}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|4.4%}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Kumar2007<ref name = "Kumar2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar V, Reddy AN, Babu JP, Rao TN, Langstieh BT, Thangaraj K, Reddy AG, Singh L, Reddy BM | display-authors = 6 | title = Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 7 | pages = 47 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17389048 | pmc = 1851701 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-47 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
+| AA <br />([[Munda language|Munda]])|| 892 || {{gold (color)|0}} || {{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|4%}} || {{turquoise|0}} || {{orange|23.1%}} || {{olive|0}} || {{green|3.9%}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|0}} || {{lime|0}} || {{silver (color)|57.2%}} || {{aqua|1.8%}} || {{cyan|0}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|5.4%}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|4.4%}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Kumar2007<ref name = "Kumar2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar V, Reddy AN, Babu JP, Rao TN, Langstieh BT, Thangaraj K, Reddy AG, Singh L, Reddy BM | display-authors = 6 | title = Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 7 | pages = 47 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17389048 | pmc = 1851701 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-47 }}</ref>
 |-
 ! [[Sunni|Indian Sunni]] (India)
@@ Line 280: / Line 277: @@
 |NI-Shodhganga<ref>{{Cite thesis | vauthors = Syama A | title = Studies on the migration and isolation of selected ancient populations of India a non recombinant y chromosome nry study | date = December 2012 | degree = Ph.D. | publisher = Madurai Kamaraj University | location = Madurai, India | url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/137860/10/10_chapter%204.pdf  }}</ref>
 |-
-! [[Khasi people|Khasi]] ([[Bangladesh]])
+! [[Khasi people| Khasi]] ([[Bangladesh]])
 | AA <br />([[Khasi language|Khasi]])||90 || {{gold (color)|0}} ||	{{maroon|12.75%}}||	{{magenta|0}} || {{turquoise|0}} ||	{{orange|3.92%}} || {{olive|0}} || {{green|9.80%}} || {{teal|0}} ||	{{red|45.10%}} || {{lime|0}} || {{silver (color)|0}} || {{aqua|0}}	|| {{cyan|15.69%}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}}|| {{pink|12.75%}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|0}} || {{yellow|0}} ||	|| Hasan2019<ref name= "Hasan2019"/>
 |-
@@ Line 310: / Line 307: @@
 | IE <br />([[Marathi language|Marathi]])|| 30 || {{gold (color)|3.33%}} || {{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|0}} || {{turquoise|3.33%}} || {{orange|10%}} || {{olive|0}} || {{green|16.67%}} || {{teal|3.33%}} || {{red|10%}} || {{lime|3.33%}} || {{silver (color)|3.33%}} || {{aqua|0}} || {{cyan|0}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|43.33%}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|3.33%}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Sharma2009<ref name = "S Sharma 2009" />
 |-
-! [[Meitei people|Manipuri]] ([[Bangladesh]])
+! [[Meitei people| Manipuri]] ([[Bangladesh]])
 | ST <br />([[Meitei language|Meitei]])||102 || {{gold (color)|0}} || {{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|0}} ||	{{turquoise|5.56%}} || {{orange|2.22%}} || {{olive|10.00%}} || {{green|11.11%}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|25.56%}} || {{lime|1.11%}} || {{silver (color)|0}} || {{aqua|0}} || {{cyan|15.56%}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|11.11%}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|0}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Hasan2019<ref name= "Hasan2019"/>
 |-
@@ Line 329: / Line 326: @@
 |-
 ![[Parsis]] ([[Western India]] – Lay)
-|IE<br />([[Persian language|Persian]])
+|IE</br>([[Persian language|Persian]])
 |122
 |{{gold (color)|0}}
@@ Line 354: / Line 351: @@
 |-
 ![[Parsis]] ([[Western India]] – Priest)
-|IE<br />([[Persian language|Persian]])
+|IE</br>([[Persian language|Persian]])
 |71
 |{{gold (color)|0}}
@@ Line 396: / Line 393: @@
 | IE<br />([[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]) || 29 || {{gold (color)|3.4%}} || {{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|3.4%}} || {{turquoise|0}} || {{orange|20.7%}} || {{olive|0}} || {{green|17.2%}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|6.9%}} || {{lime|0}} || {{silver (color)|3.4%}} || {{aqua|0}} || {{cyan|0}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|31%}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|13.8%}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Sengupta2006<ref name = "Sengupta2006" />
 |-
-! [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]] ([[Bangladesh]])
+! [[Rakhine people| Rakhine]] ([[Bangladesh]])
 | ST <br />([[Arakanese language|Arakanese]])||107 || {{gold (color)|0}} ||	{{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|0}} || {{turquoise|1.87%}} ||	{{orange|6.54%}} || {{olive|1.87%}} || {{green|13.08%}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|29.91%}} || {{lime|3.74%}} || {{silver (color)|0}} || {{aqua|0}} || {{cyan|28.04%}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|10.28%}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|0}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Hasan2019<ref name= "Hasan2019"/>
 |-
@@ Line 411: / Line 408: @@
 | IE <br />([[Sinhala language|Sinhala]])|| 74 || {{gold (color)|0}} || {{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|9%}} || {{turquoise|0}} || {{orange|15%}} || {{olive|0}} || {{green|14%}} || {{teal|1%}} || {{red|19%}} || {{lime|0}} || {{silver (color)|0}} || {{aqua|3%}} || {{cyan|0}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|27%}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|12%}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Mustak2019<ref name="Mustak2019">{{cite journal |last1=Mustak |first1=Mohammed S. |last2=Rai |first2=Niraj |last3=Naveen |first3=Mohan Rao |last4=Prakash |first4=Satya |last5=Carlus |first5=S. Justin |last6=Pasupuleti |first6=Nagarjuna |last7=Srivastava |first7=Anshika |last8=Singh |first8=Prajjval Pratap |last9=Babu |first9=Idrees |last10=Dubey |first10=Pavan Kumar |last11=Chaubey |first11=Gyaneshwer |last12=Thangaraj |first12=Kumarasamy |title=The peopling of Lakshadweep Archipelago |journal=Scientific Reports |date=6 May 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=6968 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-43384-3 |pmid=31061397 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.6968M |doi-access=free |pmc=6502849 }}</ref>
 |-
-! [[Saurashtra people|Sourashtrians]] ([[Brahmin]]) ([[Tamil Nadu]], India)
+! [[Saurashtra people|Sourashtrians]] ([[Tamil Nadu]], India)
 | IE ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]),<br /> Dr ([[Tamil languages|Tamil]]) || 46 || {{gold (color)|6.5%}} || {{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|4.4%}} || {{turquoise|0}} || {{orange|15.2%}} || {{olive|0}} || {{green|2.2%}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|26.1%}} || {{lime|0}} || {{silver (color)|2.2%}} || {{aqua|0}} || {{cyan|0}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|39.1%}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|4.3%}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Cordaux2004<ref name = "Cordaux2004" />
 |-
@@ Line 438: / Line 435: @@
 | IE <br />([[Tharu languages|Tharu]])|| 171 || {{gold (color)|0.6%}} || {{maroon|0}} || {{magenta|0}} || {{turquoise|0}} || {{orange|25.7%}} || {{olive|0}} || {{green|14%}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|2.3%}} || {{lime|0}} || {{silver (color)|36.8%}} || {{aqua|0}} || {{cyan|1.2%}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|8.8%}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|4.7%}} || {{yellow|0}} || || Fornarino2009<ref name = "Fornarino2009" />
 |-
-! [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] ([[Bangladesh]])
+! [[Tripuri people| Tripuri]] ([[Bangladesh]])
 | ST <br />([[Kokborok language|Kokborok]]) ||107 || {{gold (color)|0}} ||	{{maroon|9.41%}} || {{magenta|0}} ||	{{turquoise|1.18%}} || {{orange|3.53%}} || {{olive|3.53%}} ||	{{green|10.59%}} || {{teal|0}} || {{red|65.88%}} || {{lime|0}} || {{silver (color)|0}} || {{aqua|0}} || {{cyan|4.71%}} || {{grey|0}} || {{blue|0}} || {{pink|0}} || {{purple|0}} || {{brown|0}} || {{yellow|0}} ||	|| Hasan2019<ref name= "Hasan2019"/>
 |-
@@ Line 455: / Line 452: @@
 ==Chronological development of haplogroups==
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 75%; border:1"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 75%"; border="1"
 ! align="center"|'''Haplogroup'''
 ! align="center"|'''Possible time of origin'''
@@ Line 470: / Line 467: @@
  | doi = 10.1101/gr.186684.114 }}</ref><ref name="A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-ch">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C | title = A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa | journal = Genetics | volume = 212 | issue = 4 | pages = 1421–1428 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31196864 | pmc = 6707464 | doi = 10.1534/genetics.119.302368 }}</ref> || [[Africa]] || 68,500 years ago
 |-
-| [[Haplogroup C-M130|C]] || 65,900<ref name="YFullYTree"/> or 50,000-70,000 years ago<ref name="nature_c">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhong |first1=Hua |last2=Shi |first2=Hong |last3=Qi |first3=Xue-Bin |last4=Xiao |first4=Chun-Jie |last5=Jin |first5=Li |last6=Ma |first6=Runlin Z |last7=Su |first7=Bing |date=2010-07-01 |title=Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=428–435 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2010.40 |pmid=20448651 |s2cid=28609578 |issn=1434-5161|doi-access=free }}</ref>|| [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref name="nature_c"/> (part of [[Early human migrations|first migration out of Africa]] to [[Southeast Asia]] through Coastal [[India]]<ref name="David2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahal DG, Matsoukas IG | title = The Geographic Origins of Ethnic Groups in the Indian Subcontinent: Exploring Ancient Footprints with Y-DNA Haplogroups | journal = Frontiers in Genetics | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | date = 23 January 2018 | page = 4 | pmid = 29410676 | pmc = 5787057 | doi = 10.3389/fgene.2018.00004 | doi-access = free }}</ref>) || 48,800 years ago
+| [[Haplogroup C-M130|C]] || 65,900<ref name="YFullYTree"/> or 50,000-70,000 years ago<ref name="nature_c">[https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg201040]</ref>|| [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref name="nature_c"/> (part of [[Early human migrations|first migration out of Africa]] to [[Southeast Asia]] through Coastal [[India]]<ref name="David2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahal DG, Matsoukas IG | title = The Geographic Origins of Ethnic Groups in the Indian Subcontinent: Exploring Ancient Footprints with Y-DNA Haplogroups | journal = Frontiers in Genetics | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | date = 23 January 2018 | pmid = 29410676 | pmc = 5787057 | doi = 10.3389/fgene.2018.00004 }}</ref>) || 48,800 years ago
 |-
-|[[Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|E]] ||65,200,<ref name="YFullYTree"/> 69,000,<ref name="A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome"/> or 73,000 years ago<ref name="A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-ch"/>||[[Northeast Africa]]<ref name="semino2004"/> or [[Middle East]]<ref name="Chiaroni2009">{{cite journal |last1=Chiaroni |first1=Jacques |last2=Underhill |first2=Peter A. |last3=Cavalli-Sforza |first3=Luca L. |date=1 December 2009 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0910803106 |pmid=19920170 |pmc=2787129 |volume=106 |issue=48 |title=Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |pages=20174–79|bibcode=2009PNAS..10620174C |doi-access=free }}</ref> (part of [[Early human migrations|second migration out of Africa]], initially settled in the Middle East<ref name="David2018"/>) || 52,300 years ago
+|[[Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|E]] ||65,200,<ref name="YFullYTree"/> 69,000,<ref name="A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome"/> or 73,000 years ago<ref name="A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-ch"/>||[[Northeast Africa]]<ref name="semino2004"/> or [[Middle East]]<ref name="Chiaroni2009">{{cite journal |last1=Chiaroni |first=Jacques |last2=Underhill |first2=Peter A. |last3=Cavalli-Sforza |first3=Luca L. |date=1 December 2009 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0910803106 |pmid=19920170 |pmc=2787129 |volume=106 |issue=48 |title=Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |pages=20174–79|bibcode=2009PNAS..10620174C |doi-access=free }}</ref> (part of [[Early human migrations|second migration out of Africa]], initially settled in the Middle East<ref name="David2018"/>) || 52,300 years ago
 |-
 | [[Haplogroup F* (Y-DNA)|F]] ||65,900 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/> || [[Northeast Africa]]<ref name="David2018"/> or [[Middle East]]<ref name="David2018"/> (its descendants are present in nearly 90% of all non-African populations<ref name="David2018"/>) || 48,800 years ago
 |-
-| [[Haplogroup GHIJK|GHIJK]] || 49,000 - 59,000 years ago<ref name="urlwww.nature.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v514/n7523/extref/nature13810-s1.pdf |title=www.nature.com }}</ref> || [[Indian subcontinent]] or [[Southeast Asia]]<ref name="Hallast">{{cite journal |last1=Hallast |first1=Pille |display-authors=etal |title=A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes |journal=Human Genetics |year=2021 |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=299–307 |doi=10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9 |pmid=32666166 |pmc=7864842 }}</ref> || 48,500 years ago
+| [[Haplogroup GHIJK|GHIJK]] || 49,000 - 59,000 years ago<ref name="urlwww.nature.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v514/n7523/extref/nature13810-s1.pdf |title=www.nature.com }}</ref> || [[Indian subcontinent]] or [[Southeast Asia]]<ref name="Hallast">{{cite web |last1=Hallast |first1=Pille |display-authors=etal |title=A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9 |website=SpringerLink |publisher=Human Genetics}}</ref> || 48,500 years ago
 |-
 | [[Haplogroup HIJK|HIJK]] || 48,500 - 59,000 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/><ref name="urlwww.nature.com"/> || [[Eurasia]] || 48,500 years ago
 |-
-| [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] || more than 48,500 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/> || Eastern edge of [[Iranian plateau]],<ref name="David2018"/> close to the [[Indus valley]]<ref name="David2018"/> (border of [[Middle East]] and [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref name="David2018"/>) || 25,200 years ago
+| [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] || more than 48,500 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/> || Eastern edge of [[Iranian plateau]]<ref name="David2018"/>, close to the [[Indus valley]]<ref name="David2018"/> (border of [[Middle East]] and [[Indian subcontinent]]<ref name="David2018"/>) || 25,200 years ago
 |-
 | [[Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)|K]] || 47,200 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/> || [[Iran]]<ref name="David2018"/> or South [[Central Asia]]<ref name="David2018"/> || 45,400 years ago
 |-
-| [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]] || 45,400 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/> ||[[Middle East]] or South [[Central Asia]],<ref name="David2018"/> known as "Indian Marker"<ref name="David2018"/><ref name="Haber_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, Martínez-Cruz B, Douaihy B, Ghassibe-Sabbagh M, Rafatpanah H, Ghanbari M, Whale J, Balanovsky O, Wells RS, Comas D, Tyler-Smith C, Zalloua PA  | display-authors = 6 | title = Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 |issue= 3 |pages= e34288 |year= 2012 |pmid = 22470552 | pmc = 3314501 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...734288H | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="kpk">{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3 | title=Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan | year=2022 | last1=Tariq | first1=Muhammad | last2=Ahmad | first2=Habib | last3=Hemphill | first3=Brian E. | last4=Farooq | first4=Umar | last5=Schurr | first5=Theodore G. | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=12 | issue=1 | page=1027 | pmid=35046511 | pmc=8770644 | bibcode=2022NatSR..12.1027T }}</ref> || 45,600 years ago
+| [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]] || 45,400 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/> ||[[Middle East]] or South [[Central Asia]]<ref name="David2018"/>, known as "Indian Marker"<ref name="David2018"/><ref name="Haber_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, Martínez-Cruz B, Douaihy B, Ghassibe-Sabbagh M, Rafatpanah H, Ghanbari M, Whale J, Balanovsky O, Wells RS, Comas D, Tyler-Smith C, Zalloua PA  | display-authors = 6 | title = Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 |issue= 3 |pages= e34288 |year= 2012 |pmid = 22470552 | pmc = 3314501 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...734288H | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="kpk">{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3 | title=Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan | year=2022 | last1=Tariq | first1=Muhammad | last2=Ahmad | first2=Habib | last3=Hemphill | first3=Brian E. | last4=Farooq | first4=Umar | last5=Schurr | first5=Theodore G. | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=12 | issue=1 | page=1027 | pmid=35046511 | pmc=8770644 | bibcode=2022NatSR..12.1027T }}</ref> || 45,600 years ago
 |-
-| [[Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)|P]] || 45,400 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/>  || South [[Central Asia]],<ref name="David2018"/> North of [[Hindu Kush]] mountains<ref name="David2018"/>|| 41,500 years ago
+| [[Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)|P]] || 45,400 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/>  || South [[Central Asia]]<ref name="David2018"/>, North of [[Hindu Kush]] mountains<ref name="David2018"/>|| 41,500 years ago
 |-
 | [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]] || 42,900  years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/><ref name="semino2004">{{cite journal| pmc=1181965 | pmid=15069642 | doi=10.1086/386295 | volume=74 | issue=5 | title=Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area | date=May 2004 | journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. | pages=1023–34 | last1 = Semino | first1 = O | last2 = Magri | first2 = C | last3 = Benuzzi | first3 = G | display-authors = etal }}</ref> || [[Mesopotamia]] in northern [[Fertile Crescent]] region of the [[Middle East]]<ref name="David2018"/> || 31,600 years ago
@@ Line 492: / Line 489: @@
 | [[Haplogroup I-M170|I]] || 42,900 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/>  || [[Europe]], [[Near East]], [[Central Asia]], known as the "European Haplogroup"<ref name="David2018"/> || 27,500 years ago
 |-
-| [[Haplogroup L-M20|L]] || 42,600 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/> || Eastern [[Iranian plateau]] in the [[Middle East]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Qamar |first1=Raheel |last2=Ayub |first2=Qasim |last3=Mohyuddin |first3=Aisha |last4=Helgason |first4=Agnar |last5=Mazhar |first5=Kehkashan |last6=Mansoor |first6=Atika |last7=Zerjal |first7=Tatiana |last8=Tyler-Smith |first8=Chris |last9=Mehdi |first9=S. Qasim |title=Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |date=2002 |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1107–1124 |pmc=447589 |issn=0002-9297|pmid=11898125 |doi=10.1086/339929 }}</ref><ref name = "Zhao2009"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thanseem |first1=Ismail |last2=Thangaraj |first2=Kumarasamy |last3=Chaubey |first3=Gyaneshwer |last4=Singh |first4=Vijay Kumar |last5=Bhaskar |first5=Lakkakula VKS |last6=Reddy |first6=B Mohan |last7=Reddy |first7=Alla G |last8=Singh |first8=Lalji |title=Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA |journal=BMC Genetics |date=7 August 2006 |volume=7 |pages=42 |doi=10.1186/1471-2156-7-42 |pmid=16893451 |pmc=1569435 |issn=1471-2156 |doi-access=free }}</ref> or [[Pamir Mountains]] of [[Tajikistan]] in South-[[Central Asia]]<ref name="David2018"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wells|first1=Spencer|title=Deep ancestry : inside the Genographic project|date=2007|page=103|publisher=National Geographic|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1426201189}}</ref><ref name="kpk"/> || 23,100 years ago
+| [[Haplogroup L-M20|L]] || 42,600 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/> || Eastern [[Iranian plateau]] in the [[Middle East]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Qamar |first1=Raheel |last2=Ayub |first2=Qasim |last3=Mohyuddin |first3=Aisha |last4=Helgason |first4=Agnar |last5=Mazhar |first5=Kehkashan |last6=Mansoor |first6=Atika |last7=Zerjal |first7=Tatiana |last8=Tyler-Smith |first8=Chris |last9=Mehdi |first9=S. Qasim |title=Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |date=2002 |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1107–1124 |pmc=447589 |issn=0002-9297|pmid=11898125 |doi=10.1086/339929 }}</ref><ref name = "Zhao2009"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thanseem |first1=Ismail |last2=Thangaraj |first2=Kumarasamy |last3=Chaubey |first3=Gyaneshwer |last4=Singh |first4=Vijay Kumar |last5=Bhaskar |first5=Lakkakula VKS |last6=Reddy |first6=B Mohan |last7=Reddy |first7=Alla G |last8=Singh |first8=Lalji |title=Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA |journal=BMC Genetics |date=7 August 2006 |volume=7 |pages=42 |doi=10.1186/1471-2156-7-42 |pmid=16893451 |pmc=1569435 |issn=1471-2156}}</ref> or [[Pamir Mountains]] of [[Tajikistan]] in South-[[Central Asia]]<ref name="David2018"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wells|first1=Spencer|title=Deep ancestry : inside the Genographic project|date=2007|page=103|publisher=National Geographic|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1426201189}}</ref><ref name="kpk"/> || 23,100 years ago
 |-
-| [[Haplogroup T-M184|T]] || 42,600 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/> || [[Northeast Africa]],<ref name="David2018"/> [[Middle East]],<ref name="Harney et al 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Harney |first1=Éadaoin |last2=May |first2=Hila |last3=Shalem |first3=Dina |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Lazaridis |first6=Iosif |last7=Sarig |first7=Rachel |last8=Stewardson |first8=Kristin |last9=Nordenfelt |first9=Susanne |last10=Patterson |first10=Nick |last11=Hershkovitz |first11=Israel |last12=Reich |first12=David |title=Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation |journal=Nature Communications |date=20 August 2018 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=3336 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05649-9 |pmid=30127404 |pmc=6102297 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3336H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elkamel |first1=Sarra |last2=Marques |first2=Sofia L. |last3=Alvarez |first3=Luis |last4=Gomes |first4=Veronica |last5=Boussetta |first5=Sami |last6=Mourali-Chebil |first6=Soufia |last7=Khodjet-El-Khil |first7=Houssein |last8=Cherni |first8=Lotfi |last9=Benammar-Elgaaied |first9=Amel |last10=Prata |first10=Maria J. |title=Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population |journal=Scientific Reports |date=3 August 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=15728 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x |pmid=34344940 |pmc=8333252 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1115728E }}</ref> [[Europe]],<ref name="David2018"/> || 26,900 years ago
+| [[Haplogroup T-M184|T]] || 42,600 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/> || [[Europe]],<ref name="David2018"/> [[Middle East]],<ref name="Harney et al 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Harney |first1=Éadaoin |last2=May |first2=Hila |last3=Shalem |first3=Dina |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Lazaridis |first6=Iosif |last7=Sarig |first7=Rachel |last8=Stewardson |first8=Kristin |last9=Nordenfelt |first9=Susanne |last10=Patterson |first10=Nick |last11=Hershkovitz |first11=Israel |last12=Reich |first12=David |title=Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation |journal=Nature Communications |date=20 August 2018 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=3336 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05649-9 |pmid=30127404 |pmc=6102297 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3336H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elkamel |first1=Sarra |last2=Marques |first2=Sofia L. |last3=Alvarez |first3=Luis |last4=Gomes |first4=Veronica |last5=Boussetta |first5=Sami |last6=Mourali-Chebil |first6=Soufia |last7=Khodjet-El-Khil |first7=Houssein |last8=Cherni |first8=Lotfi |last9=Benammar-Elgaaied |first9=Amel |last10=Prata |first10=Maria J. |title=Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population |journal=Scientific Reports |date=3 August 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=15728 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x |pmid=34344940 |pmc=8333252 }}</ref> [[Northeast Africa]]<ref name="David2018"/>|| 26,900 years ago
 |-
 | [[Haplogroup O-M175|O]] || 41,750<ref name = "Karmin2022">Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, Georgi Hudjashov, Nicolas Brucato, Chelzie Crenna-Darusallam, Maximilian Larena, Phillip L Endicott, Mattias Jakobsson, J Stephen Lansing, Herawati Sudoyo, Matthew Leavesley, Mait Metspalu, François-Xavier Ricaut, and Murray P Cox, "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages," ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'', Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac045</ref> or 36,800 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/>
 | [[Central Asia|Central]] or [[East Asia]]<ref name="David2018"/> || 30,500 years ago
 |-
-| [[Haplogroup N-M231|N]] || 36,800 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/><ref name="journals.plos.org">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0066102| pmid=23840409| pmc=3688714|title = Genetic Evidence of an East Asian Origin and Paleolithic Northward Migration of Y-chromosome Haplogroup N| journal=PLOS ONE| volume=8| issue=6| pages=e66102|year = 2013|last1 = Shi|first1 = Hong| last2=Qi| first2=Xuebin| last3=Zhong| first3=Hua| last4=Peng| first4=Yi| last5=Zhang| first5=Xiaoming| last6=Ma| first6=Runlin Z.| last7=Su| first7=Bing| bibcode=2013PLoSO...866102S| doi-access=free}}</ref> || [[North Eurasia]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rootsi |first1=Siiri |last2=Zhivotovsky |first2=Lev A |last3=Baldovič |first3=Marian |last4=Kayser |first4=Manfred |last5=Kutuev |first5=Ildus A |last6=Khusainova |first6=Rita |last7=Bermisheva |first7=Marina A |last8=Gubina |first8=Marina |last9=Fedorova |first9=Sardana A |last10=Ilumäe |first10=Anne-Mai |last11=Khusnutdinova |first11=Elza K |last12=Voevoda |first12=Mikhail I |last13=Osipova |first13=Ludmila P |last14=Stoneking |first14=Mark |last15=Lin |first15=Alice A |last16=Ferak |first16=Vladimir |last17=Parik |first17=Jüri |last18=Kivisild |first18=Toomas |last19=Underhill |first19=Peter A |last20=Villems |first20=Richard |title=A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=February 2007 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=204–211 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748|pmid=17149388 |doi-access=free }}</ref> or [[East Asia]]<ref name="journals.plos.org"/> || 22,000 years ago
+| [[Haplogroup N-M231|N]] || 36,800 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/><ref name="journals.plos.org">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0066102| pmid=23840409| pmc=3688714|title = Genetic Evidence of an East Asian Origin and Paleolithic Northward Migration of Y-chromosome Haplogroup N| journal=PLOS ONE| volume=8| issue=6| pages=e66102|year = 2013|last1 = Shi|first1 = Hong| last2=Qi| first2=Xuebin| last3=Zhong| first3=Hua| last4=Peng| first4=Yi| last5=Zhang| first5=Xiaoming| last6=Ma| first6=Runlin Z.| last7=Su| first7=Bing| bibcode=2013PLoSO...866102S| doi-access=free}}</ref> || [[North Eurasia]]<ref>{{harv|Rootsi|Zhivotovsky|Baldovič|Kayser|2006}}</ref> or [[East Asia]]<ref name="journals.plos.org"/> || 22,000 years ago
 |-
 | [[Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)|R]] || 31,900 years ago<ref name="YFullYTree"/> || [[Central Asia]] (from [[Caspian sea]] to border of Western [[China]])<ref name="David2018"/> or [[Siberia]]<ref name="David2018"/>|| 28,200 years ago