Jump to content

Maqpon kingdom: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Merged content to Skardu#Maqpon period, redirecting (easy-merge)
Tag: New redirect
Rajanyas (talk | contribs)
200 edits
←Removed redirect to Skardu#Maqpon period
Tags: Removed redirect Reverted harv-error Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit Disambiguation links added
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Medieval kingdom in Gilgit Baltistan}}
#REDIRECT [[Skardu#Maqpon period]]
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Maqpon kingdom
| common_name = Maqpon kingdom
| status =
| year_start = 1190
| year_end = 1846
| date_start =
| date_end =
| event_start =
| event_end =
| p1 = Tibetan Empire
| flag_p1 =
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| s1 = Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
| flag_s1 =
| s2 =
| flag_s2 =
| image_flag =
|image_map = File:Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg
|map_width=270
|image_map_caption = Map of ''Kashmir region''. Maqpon Kingdom existed in north in ''Gilgit Baltistan''
| national_anthem =
| capital = [[Skardu]]
| common_languages =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| title_leader =
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 =
| footnotes =
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today = [[Pakistan]] <br> [[India]]
}}
The '''Maqpon kingdom''' ({{lang-bft|{{nq|དམག་པོན་རྒྱལ་པོ }}}}) was located in [[Baltistan]]. The ''Maqpon dynasty'', a [[Balti people|Balti]] royal house based in [[Skardu]], ruled over the region for around 700 years.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tareekh e Baltistan|url=http://www.mybaltistan.com/History/History%20of%20Emporor/Maqpon/Urdu/009.htm}}</ref> The kings of the Maqpon dynasty extended the frontiers of Baltistan to as far as [[Gilgit Agency]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=Baltis|url=http://www.hindukushtrails.com/tribes-baltis.php?print}}</ref> [[Chitral]], and [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Exodus|isbn = 9781935501343|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRFvWyqGNzEC&dq=ali+sher+khan+anchan+ladakh&pg=PA109|last1 = Tikoo|first1 = Tej K.|date = 30 June 2012}}</ref>


==History==
{{R from merge}}
Following the dissolution of Tibetan suzerainty over Baltistan in the 9th-10th century CE, Baltistan came under control of the local Maqpon dynasty, which, according to local tradition, is said to have been founded after a migrant from [[Kashmir]] named Ibrahim Shah married a local princess.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Dani, The Western Himalayan States|1998|p=220}}</ref>
{{R to section}}

In the 14th century, Muslim scholars from Kashmir crossed [[Baltistan]]'s mountains to spread Islam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baltistan - North Pakistan|url=http://www.marafiefoundation.org/Default.aspx?=78|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615182719/http://www.marafiefoundation.org/Default.aspx?tabid=78|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Noorbakshia Islam|Noorbakshia]] Sufi order further propagated the faith in Baltistan, and Islam became dominant by the end of the 17th century. With the passage of time a large number also converted to [[Shia Islam]] and a few converted to [[Sunni]] Islam.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Little Tibet: Renaissance and Resistance in Baltistan|url=https://www.himalmag.com/little-tibet-renaissance-and-resistance-in-baltistan/|date=30 April 1998|website=Himal Southasian|language=en-GB|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>

Around the year 1500, Maqpon Bokha was crowned ruler, and founded the city of Skardu as his capital.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Skardu Fort]] was established around this time.<ref name=":0" /> During his reign, King Makpon Bokha imported craftsmen from Kashmir and [[Chilas]] to help develop the area's economy.<ref name=":0" /> While nearby [[Gilgit]] fell out of the orbit of Tibetan influence, Baltistan region remained connected due to its close proximity to [[Ladakh]],{{sfn|Dani, The Western Himalayan States|1998|p=221}} the region which the dynasty routinely fought against.<ref name=":2">{{harvnb|Dani, The Western Himalayan States|1998|p=219}}</ref>

In the early 1500s, [[Sultan Said Khan]] of the Timurid [[Yarkent Khanate]] in what is now [[Xinjiang]] province of China, raided Baltistan.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvu-DAAAQBAJ&q=timurid+baltistan&pg=PA144 |title=Central Asia in World History |last=Adshead |first=S. A. M. |date=27 July 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781349226245 |language=en}}</ref> Given the threat illustrated by the Sultan Said's invasion, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] attention was roused, prompting the 1586 conquest of Baltistan by the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]].<ref name=":2" /> The local Maqpon rulers pledged allegiance, and from that point onwards, beginning with [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan]], the kings of Skardu were mentioned as rulers of Little Tibet in the [[historiography]] of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skardu.pk/ |title=Vacations, Holiday, Travel, Climbing, Trekking |publisher=Skardu.pk |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>{{rs?|date=February 2023}}
[[File:Balti king ahmed shah.jpg|thumbnail|alt=Drawing of a bearded man holding a rifle|Ahmed Shah, the last Maqpon king before the 1840 Dogra invasion]]
In 1580, [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan]] became the Maqpon king. He expanded the borders of the kingdom from [[Gilgit]] to [[Ladakh]]. When the Raja of [[Laddakh]], Jamyang Namgyal, attacked the principalities in the district of Purik ([[Kargil]]), annihilating the [[Skardu]] garrison at Kharbu and putting to sword a number of petty Muslim rulers in the Muslim principalities in Purik (Kargil), Ali Sher Khan Anchan left with a strong army by way of [[Marol]] and, bypassing the Laddakhi army, occupied [[Leh]], the capital of Laddakh. It appears that the Balti conquest of Laddakh took place in about 1594 A.D. The Raja of Laddakh was ultimately taken prisoner.<ref name="Bhasin2006">{{cite book|author=Sanjeev Kumar Bhasin|title=Amazing Land Ladakh: Places, People, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IZloNzI8BgC&q=ali+mir+skardu&pg=PA51|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-186-3|page=51}}</ref><ref name="Jina2005">{{cite book|author=Prem Singh Jina|title=Ladakh Profile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe_nv7mH678C&q=ali+mir+skardu&pg=PA349|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|isbn=978-81-7835-437-8|page=349}}</ref><ref name="Bakshi1997">{{cite book|author=S.R. Bakshi|title=Kashmir: History and People|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U1LEY1yWmagC|quote=ali mir skardu.|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-85431-96-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U1LEY1yWmagC/page/n93 83]}}</ref> Then Ali Sher Khan Anchan went to march on Gilgit with an army,<ref name="AkasoyBurnett2011">{{cite book|author1=Anna Akasoy|author2=Charles S. F. Burnett|author3=Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim|title=Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&q=ali+sher+khan+gilgit&pg=PA245|year=2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-6956-2|page=245}}</ref> and conquered Astore, Gilgit, [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]], Nagar, and Chilas. From Gilgit he advanced to, and conquered, [[Chitral]] and Kafiristan.

===Decline===
In 1839, Dogra commander [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria]] defeated Balti forces in battles at Wanko Pass and the Thano Kun plains, clearing his path for the invasion of the Skardu valley.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ladakh Through the Ages, Towards a New Identity |last1=Kaul |first1=Shridhar |last2=Kaul |first2=H. N. |date=1992 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=9788185182759 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8J3YdskW00sC&q=dogra+skardu&pg=PA75}}</ref> He seized Skardu Fort on behalf of the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra Kingdom]] based in Jammu.{{sfn|Pirumshoev & Dani, The Pamirs, Badakhshan and the Trans-Pamir States|2003|p=245}} Singh's forces massacred a large number of the garrison's defenders, and publicly tortured Kahlon Rahim Khan of Chigtan in front of a crowd of local Baltis and their chiefs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=GENERAL ZORAWAR SINGH |last=Charak |first=Sukhdev Singh |date=8 September 2016 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788123026480 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qk-DwAAQBAJ&q=skardu+zorawar&pg=PT49}}</ref> In 1845, the region was completely subjugated by the [[Dogra]] rulers of [[Kashmir]].<ref>Ali, Manzoom (12 June 2004). Archaeology of Dardistan.</ref><ref name=Gertel>{{cite book|last=Gertel|first=Jörg|title=Economic Spaces of Pastoral Production and Commodity Systems|year=2011|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-1-4094-2531-1|pages=181|author2=Richard Le Heron}}</ref> and the last Maqpon King was taken as prisoner.

==Rulers==
Genealogy of Maqpon rulers:<ref>{{cite book|title=Hashmatullah Kahn Lakhnavi, "History of Baltistan", 1987|year = 1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0ErAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
*1190-1220 Ibrahim
*1220-1250 Astak Sange
*1250-1280 Zak Sange
*1280-1310 Bardak Sange
*1310-1340 Sek Sange
*1340-1370 Tam Gori Tham
*1370-1400 Sa Gori Tham
*1400-1437 Khohkor Sange
*1437-1464 Ghota Cho Sange
*1464-1490 Bahram Cho
*1490-1515 Bo Kha
*1515-1540 Sher Shah
*1540-1565 Ali Khan
*1565-1590 Ghazi Mir
*1580-1624 [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan]]
*1624-1636 Abdal Khan
*1636-1655 Adam Khan
*1655-1670 Murad Khan
*1670-1678 Sher Khan
*1678-1680 Muhammad Rafi Khan
*1680-1710 Shir Khan
*1710-1745 Mohammad Rafi
*1745-1780 Sultan Murad
*1780-1785 Azam Khan
*1785-1787 Mohammad Zafar Khan
*1787-1811 Ali Shir Khan
*1811-1840 Ahmed Shah
(May 1840 [[Dogra–Tibetan War|Dogra invasion]])

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:The Mighty Kharpocho Fort Skardu.jpg|Skardu Fort was the seat of power of the Maqpon Dynasty
File:Chaqchan Mosque from the street.jpg|The [[Chaqchan Mosque]] was built in 1370 in Baltistan
File:Amburiq Mosque.jpg|[[Amburiq Mosque]] was built in the 14th century
</gallery>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:History of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:History of Baltistan]]
[[Category:Balti people]]

Revision as of 05:21, 16 April 2024

Maqpon kingdom
1190–1846
Map of Kashmir region. Maqpon Kingdom existed in north in Gilgit Baltistan
Map of Kashmir region. Maqpon Kingdom existed in north in Gilgit Baltistan
CapitalSkardu
Religion
Islam
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
• Established
1190
• Disestablished
1846
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Tibetan Empire
Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
Today part ofPakistan
India

The Maqpon kingdom (Balti: དམག་པོན་རྒྱལ་པོ ) was located in Baltistan. The Maqpon dynasty, a Balti royal house based in Skardu, ruled over the region for around 700 years.[1] The kings of the Maqpon dynasty extended the frontiers of Baltistan to as far as Gilgit Agency,[2] Chitral, and Ladakh.[3]

History

Following the dissolution of Tibetan suzerainty over Baltistan in the 9th-10th century CE, Baltistan came under control of the local Maqpon dynasty, which, according to local tradition, is said to have been founded after a migrant from Kashmir named Ibrahim Shah married a local princess.[4]

In the 14th century, Muslim scholars from Kashmir crossed Baltistan's mountains to spread Islam.[5] The Noorbakshia Sufi order further propagated the faith in Baltistan, and Islam became dominant by the end of the 17th century. With the passage of time a large number also converted to Shia Islam and a few converted to Sunni Islam.[6]

Around the year 1500, Maqpon Bokha was crowned ruler, and founded the city of Skardu as his capital.[4] The Skardu Fort was established around this time.[4] During his reign, King Makpon Bokha imported craftsmen from Kashmir and Chilas to help develop the area's economy.[4] While nearby Gilgit fell out of the orbit of Tibetan influence, Baltistan region remained connected due to its close proximity to Ladakh,[7] the region which the dynasty routinely fought against.[8]

In the early 1500s, Sultan Said Khan of the Timurid Yarkent Khanate in what is now Xinjiang province of China, raided Baltistan.[9] Given the threat illustrated by the Sultan Said's invasion, Mughal attention was roused, prompting the 1586 conquest of Baltistan by the Mughal Emperor Akbar.[8] The local Maqpon rulers pledged allegiance, and from that point onwards, beginning with Ali Sher Khan Anchan, the kings of Skardu were mentioned as rulers of Little Tibet in the historiography of the Mughal Empire.[10][unreliable source?]

Drawing of a bearded man holding a rifle
Ahmed Shah, the last Maqpon king before the 1840 Dogra invasion

In 1580, Ali Sher Khan Anchan became the Maqpon king. He expanded the borders of the kingdom from Gilgit to Ladakh. When the Raja of Laddakh, Jamyang Namgyal, attacked the principalities in the district of Purik (Kargil), annihilating the Skardu garrison at Kharbu and putting to sword a number of petty Muslim rulers in the Muslim principalities in Purik (Kargil), Ali Sher Khan Anchan left with a strong army by way of Marol and, bypassing the Laddakhi army, occupied Leh, the capital of Laddakh. It appears that the Balti conquest of Laddakh took place in about 1594 A.D. The Raja of Laddakh was ultimately taken prisoner.[11][12][13] Then Ali Sher Khan Anchan went to march on Gilgit with an army,[14] and conquered Astore, Gilgit, Hunza, Nagar, and Chilas. From Gilgit he advanced to, and conquered, Chitral and Kafiristan.

Decline

In 1839, Dogra commander Zorawar Singh Kahluria defeated Balti forces in battles at Wanko Pass and the Thano Kun plains, clearing his path for the invasion of the Skardu valley.[15] He seized Skardu Fort on behalf of the Dogra Kingdom based in Jammu.[16] Singh's forces massacred a large number of the garrison's defenders, and publicly tortured Kahlon Rahim Khan of Chigtan in front of a crowd of local Baltis and their chiefs.[17] In 1845, the region was completely subjugated by the Dogra rulers of Kashmir.[18][19] and the last Maqpon King was taken as prisoner.

Rulers

Genealogy of Maqpon rulers:[20]

  • 1190-1220 Ibrahim
  • 1220-1250 Astak Sange
  • 1250-1280 Zak Sange
  • 1280-1310 Bardak Sange
  • 1310-1340 Sek Sange
  • 1340-1370 Tam Gori Tham
  • 1370-1400 Sa Gori Tham
  • 1400-1437 Khohkor Sange
  • 1437-1464 Ghota Cho Sange
  • 1464-1490 Bahram Cho
  • 1490-1515 Bo Kha
  • 1515-1540 Sher Shah
  • 1540-1565 Ali Khan
  • 1565-1590 Ghazi Mir
  • 1580-1624 Ali Sher Khan Anchan
  • 1624-1636 Abdal Khan
  • 1636-1655 Adam Khan
  • 1655-1670 Murad Khan
  • 1670-1678 Sher Khan
  • 1678-1680 Muhammad Rafi Khan
  • 1680-1710 Shir Khan
  • 1710-1745 Mohammad Rafi
  • 1745-1780 Sultan Murad
  • 1780-1785 Azam Khan
  • 1785-1787 Mohammad Zafar Khan
  • 1787-1811 Ali Shir Khan
  • 1811-1840 Ahmed Shah

(May 1840 Dogra invasion)

Gallery

  • Skardu Fort was the seat of power of the Maqpon Dynasty
    Skardu Fort was the seat of power of the Maqpon Dynasty
  • The Chaqchan Mosque was built in 1370 in Baltistan
    The Chaqchan Mosque was built in 1370 in Baltistan
  • Amburiq Mosque was built in the 14th century
    Amburiq Mosque was built in the 14th century

References

  1. ^ Tareekh e Baltistan.
  2. ^ "Baltis". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Tikoo, Tej K. (30 June 2012). Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Exodus. ISBN 9781935501343.
  4. ^ a b c d Dani, The Western Himalayan States 1998, p. 220
  5. ^ "Baltistan - North Pakistan". Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.
  6. ^ "Little Tibet: Renaissance and Resistance in Baltistan". Himal Southasian. 30 April 1998. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  7. ^ Dani, The Western Himalayan States 1998, p. 221.
  8. ^ a b Dani, The Western Himalayan States 1998, p. 219
  9. ^ Adshead, S. A. M. (27 July 2016). Central Asia in World History. Springer. ISBN 9781349226245.
  10. ^ "Vacations, Holiday, Travel, Climbing, Trekking". Skardu.pk. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  11. ^ Sanjeev Kumar Bhasin (1 January 2006). Amazing Land Ladakh: Places, People, and Culture. Indus Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 978-81-7387-186-3.
  12. ^ Prem Singh Jina (1 January 2005). Ladakh Profile. Kalpaz Publications. p. 349. ISBN 978-81-7835-437-8.
  13. ^ S.R. Bakshi (1 January 1997). Kashmir: History and People. Sarup & Sons. p. 83. ISBN 978-81-85431-96-3. ali mir skardu.
  14. ^ Anna Akasoy; Charles S. F. Burnett; Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim (2011). Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-7546-6956-2.
  15. ^ Kaul, Shridhar; Kaul, H. N. (1992). Ladakh Through the Ages, Towards a New Identity. Indus Publishing. ISBN 9788185182759.
  16. ^ Pirumshoev & Dani, The Pamirs, Badakhshan and the Trans-Pamir States 2003, p. 245.
  17. ^ Charak, Sukhdev Singh (8 September 2016). GENERAL ZORAWAR SINGH. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. ISBN 9788123026480.
  18. ^ Ali, Manzoom (12 June 2004). Archaeology of Dardistan.
  19. ^ Gertel, Jörg; Richard Le Heron (2011). Economic Spaces of Pastoral Production and Commodity Systems. Ashgate. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-4094-2531-1.
  20. ^ Hashmatullah Kahn Lakhnavi, "History of Baltistan", 1987. 1987.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maqpon_kingdom&oldid=1219173819"