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Old page wikitext, before the edit ($1) (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Orange chat
| image = Orange Chat 9034.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Epthianura aurifrons'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22704478A93970653 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704478A93970653.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Epthianura
| species = aurifrons
| authority = [[John Gould|Gould]], 1838
| synonyms =
}}
The '''orange chat''' ('''''Epthianura aurifrons''''') is a species of [[bird]] in the family [[Meliphagidae]].
It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Australia]].
==Description==
The orange chat (''Epthianura aurifrons'')<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> is [[Endemism|endemic]] to Australia.<ref name=fraser>Fraser, Ian & Gray, Jeannie (2013). ''Australian Bird Names'', CSIRO Publishing, Victoria. {{ISBN|9780643104693}}.</ref> Orange chats are usually {{cvt|10|-|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, {{cvt|10|-|12|g|oz|abbr=on}} in weight and have an average wingspan of {{cvt|19|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The orange chat is a small ground songbird with relatively long, broad and rounded wings and a short square-ended tail.<ref>"Honeyeaters and Australian Chats." ''Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds''. (1st ed. 2003)</ref> The orange chat is potbellied in shape with long thin legs, a short slender straight bill and a brush-tipped tongue. Male feathers are mostly a deep, warm, [[cadmium yellow]] with orange overtone, and this colour is strongest on the crown and breast.<ref>Ford, Hugh Alastair, PhD. "Australian Chats (Epthianuridae)." ''Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia''. Eds. Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, and Melissa C. McDade. Vol. 11: Birds IV. 2nd ed. New York: Gale, 2004. 65-68. 17 vols.</ref> Males' lores and throat are black, their rump is a golden orange with a tail finely tipped with white. Female chats are mottled in grey-brown with underparts being a softer fawny yellow.<ref name=simpson>Simpson, Ken & Day, Nicholas (1984). ''Field Guide to the Birds of Australia'', p. 280. Penguin Books, Victoria. {{ISBN|9780670072316}}.</ref> Orange chats do not have any seasonal differences in plumage.<ref name=Higgins>Higgins, P. J. ed. (2001). ''Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 5:Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats''. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.</ref>
===Similar species===
Bird species similar to and often confused with the orange chat are the [[yellow chat]] and the [[crimson chat]]; these birds are similar in size and shape. Orange chats have straighter and on average shorter bills.<ref>"Australian Chats: Epthianuridae." 23 Oct 2013. 23 Oct 2013 [http://montereybay.com/creagrus/Australian_chats.html].</ref> The adult male orange chat is rarely mistaken for another species with its vivid orange colouration and black throat-patch. The male yellow chat is coloured almost as brightly as the orange chat but without such warm orange overtone, being rather an intense lemon yellow. The grey-brown mottled females and immatures have yellow uppertail-coverts and a yellow underbody distinguishing them from the crimson chat, but they are still rather similar in appearance to the female yellow chat.<ref name=Higgins/>
===Other common names===
Orange-breasted, orange-fronted, golden-fronted or bush chat; orange-fronted nun or tang; bush or saltbush canary.<ref name=fraser />
==Distribution and habitat==
Orange chats are strongly nomadic within the arid and semi-arid zones of Australia that they inhabit.<ref name=Higgins/> They are found mainly in the interior with some sightings in the northern tropics, and very occasionally they reach the coastal areas of South and Western Australia.<ref>"Orange Chat(Epthianura aurifrons)." 2013. The Internet Bird Collection. 23 Oct 2013 [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/orange-chat-epthianura-aurifrons].</ref> The orange chat mostly occurs in dry, low-lying, saline environments that are rarely flooded such as sparsely vegetated [[gibber]] plains, [[Salt pan (geology)|salt pans]], [[salt lake]]s, or [[claypan]]s. They mainly inhabit low, treeless [[chenopod]] shrublands dominated by [[saltbush]], [[Maireana|bluebush]] or [[samphire]], with either open or continuous shrub cover.<ref name=morcombe>Morcombe, Michael (2003). ''Field Guide to Australian Birds'', p. 273,397. Pascal Press, Glebe. {{ISBN|9781740214179}}.</ref> They are sometimes recorded in other open or shrubby habitats, often near wetlands: low [[Acacia aneura|mulga]], low [[buloke]] woodland; open [[acacia]] scrubland; dongas (steep-sided gullies) vegetated with tall shrubs or small trees including mulga, [[dead finish]], [[Casuarina cristata|belah]] or [[Myoporum platycarpum|sugarwood]]; grassland; or [[Cyperaceae|sedgeland]].<ref name=Higgins/> The orange chat has occasionally been recorded in mallee woodlands and on farmlands, including areas over-run by [[Onopordum acanthium|scotch thistle]].<ref name=Higgins/>
===Movement===
The orange chat is nomadic, but less so than the crimson chat, and moves around irregularly.<ref name=Higgins/> Movements are often determined by weather conditions, which will affect the availability of food in an area. During droughts or dry spells the orange chat will be absent or nearly so from normal habitats and will sometimes be recorded towards the periphery of their usual range.<ref name=Higgins/>
===Banding===
According to the [[Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme]], of the 90 orange chats [[Bird ringing|banded]] in Australia from 1953–97, none have been recovered.<ref name=Higgins/>
==Behaviour==
The orange chat is gregarious and mobile with undulating flight, but they are also very wary, which does not allow close interactions. They are easy to see from a distance perched atop low bushes, shrubs or trees, due to the vivid orange plumage of the male. Males will often keep watch from a tall shrub or bush whilst the rest of the flock feeds out of sight.<ref name=Higgins/> Foraging occurs on the ground or from low shrubs. Orange chats are usually seen in pairs or small groups of up to 15 birds, although flocks of more than 400 have been recorded locally. They are often spotted mixing with flocks of crimson and white-fronted chats and seen near or with flocks of [[zebra finch]]es. When flushed, the orange chat will fly high, briefly perching atop a low shrub before disappearing onto the ground and between shrub cover.<ref name=Higgins/>
At the start of the breeding season flocks disperse into pairs. After the pair has formed, the male accompanies the female at all times until the eggs have been laid and chases other birds, often other males, that approach the pair; this behaviour is rarely seen outside the breeding season.<ref name=Higgins/>
===Defensive behaviour===
Defence of territory is mainly performed by males when breeding; females usually only become involved when the male is absent.<ref name=Higgins/>
===Distraction displays===
From incubation to just after fledging, one or both adults engage in [[distraction display]]s such as feigning injury by flapping along the ground. Sometimes they will not return to their nest while the observer or predator is present.<ref name=Higgins/>
===Voice===
Most calls of the orange chat are a vibrant, metallic twang ''tang'' and a softer ''tchek tchek''.<ref name=simpson /> Calls do not form a significant part of territorial activity, although the male clicks his bill when flying at intruders; this is often accompanied by a squeak.<ref name=Higgins/> A soft ''shu-shu-shu'' is used by males to call females to them. A louder ''shu-shu-shu'' call is used when feigning injury by both sexes. ''Shu-shu-shu'' is also used by parents with food to call young.<ref name=Higgins/>
==Diet==
Orange chats mainly eat invertebrates, small insects (ants, bees, wasps, beetles, caterpillars and grasshoppers) and spiders that are on the ground or in shrubs. Sometimes they will feed with crimson or white-fronted chats, or with flocks of zebra finches.<ref name=Higgins/> When water is available, feeding will take place along the water's edge, although they are reported to rarely drink water. They walk more often than they hop and are usually seen on or near the ground, occasionally eating seeds. Foraging in crops of sunflowers has been observed.<ref name=fraser /><ref name=Higgins/>
==Breeding==
Breeding habits of the orange chat are not well known, as no major studies have been performed. This species moves and breeds opportunistically throughout the year, sometimes three or more times in response to favourable seasons, whilst breeding will not occur in times of drought.<ref name=Higgins/> Eggs are laid from June to April, but mostly from August to November; young are seen August–November and February–May. There is little variation across its range.<ref name=Higgins/>
The female orange chat will build a small but quite substantial nest in a [[cup nest|cup shape]], which is located close to the ground in shrubs or herbage, commonly saltbush or samphire. The male will defend both the territory and female during the construction of the nest.<ref name=Higgins/> Nesting sometimes occurs among pairs of crimson chats but is often solitary or in loose colonies. The nest is neat and cup-shaped, constructed of dry grass, plant stalks, hair, rootlets, feathers, wool, hair, and twigs.<ref name=morcombe /> Overall dimensions and average nest size (cm), respectively: external diameter, 8.9 and 8.9; external depth, 6.4 and 5.1; internal diameter, 5.1 and 5.7; internal depth, 2.5 and 3.8.<ref name=Higgins/>
Nests are built in samphire or chenopod shrubland, around saltlakes, and occasionally on grass flats or gibber plains. Nests are usually in samphire, saltbush or bluebush; also canegrass, lignum, grass tussocks, sedges or among thistles. They are usually located on or near the top of a live plant, or near the ground under a nest-plant, sheltered from above, or sometimes on the ground.<ref name=Higgins/> During irruptions, the orange chat nests in a wide variety of shrubs, and there are records of it sometimes nesting in citrus trees. Depending on prevailing conditions, the female lays 3 or 4 whitish oval eggs, which are smooth, close-grained and coloured with brown, red, black and grey spots, especially at the larger end, reminiscent of honeyeaters' eggs.<ref name=Higgins/> The eggs measure approximately {{cvt|17|x|14|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=morcombe></ref> Both parents help incubate the eggs for around 11 days and feed the young birds once they have hatched until they can fly on their own to find food.<ref name=Higgins/><ref name=morcombe />
The fledging period is 10 days. For a few days after fledging, young remain in the nest territory and crouch unmoving under shrubs; after a few days, they will move off with the parents and join local flocks where the young continue to be fed by parents.<ref name=Higgins/>
===Predators===
If a predator approaches the nest either parent will [[Distraction display|fake an injury]] to distract the creature away from the nest and will call loudly during the display. Predators include both introduced and native species: cats, snakes, foxes and larger birds, like ravens and crows.<ref name=Higgins/>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q255183}}
[[Category:Epthianura|orange chat]]
[[Category:Chats (birds)|orange chat]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of Australia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1838|orange chat]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Gould|orange chat]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit ($1) (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Orange chat
| image = Orange Chat 9034.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Epthianura aurifrons'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22704478A93970653 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704478A93970653.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Epthianura
| species = aurifrons
| authority = [[John Gould|Gould]], 1838
| synonyms =
}}
The '''orange chat''' ('''''Epthianura aurifrons''''') is a species of [[bird]] in the family [[Meliphagidae]].
It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Australia]].
==Description==
This stupid thing, The orange chat (''Epthianura aurifrons'')<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> is [[Endemism|endemic]] to Australia.<ref name=fraser>Fraser, Ian & Gray, Jeannie (2013). ''Australian Bird Names'', CSIRO Publishing, Victoria. {{ISBN|9780643104693}}.</ref> Orange chats are usually {{cvt|10|-|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, {{cvt|10|-|12|g|oz|abbr=on}} in weight and have an average wingspan of {{cvt|19|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The orange chat is a small ground songbird with relatively long, broad and rounded wings and a short square-ended tail.<ref>"Honeyeaters and Australian Chats." ''Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds''. (1st ed. 2003)</ref> The orange chat is potbellied in shape with long thin legs, a short slender straight bill and a brush-tipped tongue. Male feathers are mostly a deep, warm, [[cadmium yellow]] with orange overtone, and this colour is strongest on the crown and breast.<ref>Ford, Hugh Alastair, PhD. "Australian Chats (Epthianuridae)." ''Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia''. Eds. Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, and Melissa C. McDade. Vol. 11: Birds IV. 2nd ed. New York: Gale, 2004. 65-68. 17 vols.</ref> Males' lores and throat are black, their rump is a golden orange with a tail finely tipped with white. Female chats are mottled in grey-brown with underparts being a softer fawny yellow.<ref name=simpson>Simpson, Ken & Day, Nicholas (1984). ''Field Guide to the Birds of Australia'', p. 280. Penguin Books, Victoria. {{ISBN|9780670072316}}.</ref> Orange chats do not have any seasonal differences in plumage.<ref name=Higgins>Higgins, P. J. ed. (2001). ''Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 5:Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats''. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.</ref>
===Similar species===
Bird species similar to and often confused with the orange chat are the [[yellow chat]] and the [[crimson chat]]; these birds are similar in size and shape. Orange chats have straighter and on average shorter bills.<ref>"Australian Chats: Epthianuridae." 23 Oct 2013. 23 Oct 2013 [http://montereybay.com/creagrus/Australian_chats.html].</ref> The adult male orange chat is rarely mistaken for another species with its vivid orange colouration and black throat-patch. The male yellow chat is coloured almost as brightly as the orange chat but without such warm orange overtone, being rather an intense lemon yellow. The grey-brown mottled females and immatures have yellow uppertail-coverts and a yellow underbody distinguishing them from the crimson chat, but they are still rather similar in appearance to the female yellow chat.<ref name=Higgins/>
===Other common names===
Orange-breasted, orange-fronted, golden-fronted or bush chat; orange-fronted nun or tang; bush or saltbush canary.<ref name=fraser />
==Distribution and habitat==
Orange chats are strongly nomadic within the arid and semi-arid zones of Australia that they inhabit.<ref name=Higgins/> They are found mainly in the interior with some sightings in the northern tropics, and very occasionally they reach the coastal areas of South and Western Australia.<ref>"Orange Chat(Epthianura aurifrons)." 2013. The Internet Bird Collection. 23 Oct 2013 [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/orange-chat-epthianura-aurifrons].</ref> The orange chat mostly occurs in dry, low-lying, saline environments that are rarely flooded such as sparsely vegetated [[gibber]] plains, [[Salt pan (geology)|salt pans]], [[salt lake]]s, or [[claypan]]s. They mainly inhabit low, treeless [[chenopod]] shrublands dominated by [[saltbush]], [[Maireana|bluebush]] or [[samphire]], with either open or continuous shrub cover.<ref name=morcombe>Morcombe, Michael (2003). ''Field Guide to Australian Birds'', p. 273,397. Pascal Press, Glebe. {{ISBN|9781740214179}}.</ref> They are sometimes recorded in other open or shrubby habitats, often near wetlands: low [[Acacia aneura|mulga]], low [[buloke]] woodland; open [[acacia]] scrubland; dongas (steep-sided gullies) vegetated with tall shrubs or small trees including mulga, [[dead finish]], [[Casuarina cristata|belah]] or [[Myoporum platycarpum|sugarwood]]; grassland; or [[Cyperaceae|sedgeland]].<ref name=Higgins/> The orange chat has occasionally been recorded in mallee woodlands and on farmlands, including areas over-run by [[Onopordum acanthium|scotch thistle]].<ref name=Higgins/>
===Movement===
The orange chat is nomadic, but less so than the crimson chat, and moves around irregularly.<ref name=Higgins/> Movements are often determined by weather conditions, which will affect the availability of food in an area. During droughts or dry spells the orange chat will be absent or nearly so from normal habitats and will sometimes be recorded towards the periphery of their usual range.<ref name=Higgins/>
===Banding===
According to the [[Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme]], of the 90 orange chats [[Bird ringing|banded]] in Australia from 1953–97, none have been recovered.<ref name=Higgins/>
==Behaviour==
The orange chat is gregarious and mobile with undulating flight, but they are also very wary, which does not allow close interactions. They are easy to see from a distance perched atop low bushes, shrubs or trees, due to the vivid orange plumage of the male. Males will often keep watch from a tall shrub or bush whilst the rest of the flock feeds out of sight.<ref name=Higgins/> Foraging occurs on the ground or from low shrubs. Orange chats are usually seen in pairs or small groups of up to 15 birds, although flocks of more than 400 have been recorded locally. They are often spotted mixing with flocks of crimson and white-fronted chats and seen near or with flocks of [[zebra finch]]es. When flushed, the orange chat will fly high, briefly perching atop a low shrub before disappearing onto the ground and between shrub cover.<ref name=Higgins/>
At the start of the breeding season flocks disperse into pairs. After the pair has formed, the male accompanies the female at all times until the eggs have been laid and chases other birds, often other males, that approach the pair; this behaviour is rarely seen outside the breeding season.<ref name=Higgins/>
===Defensive behaviour===
Defence of territory is mainly performed by males when breeding; females usually only become involved when the male is absent.<ref name=Higgins/>
===Distraction displays===
From incubation to just after fledging, one or both adults engage in [[distraction display]]s such as feigning injury by flapping along the ground. Sometimes they will not return to their nest while the observer or predator is present.<ref name=Higgins/>
===Voice===
Most calls of the orange chat are a vibrant, metallic twang ''tang'' and a softer ''tchek tchek''.<ref name=simpson /> Calls do not form a significant part of territorial activity, although the male clicks his bill when flying at intruders; this is often accompanied by a squeak.<ref name=Higgins/> A soft ''shu-shu-shu'' is used by males to call females to them. A louder ''shu-shu-shu'' call is used when feigning injury by both sexes. ''Shu-shu-shu'' is also used by parents with food to call young.<ref name=Higgins/>
==Diet==
Orange chats mainly eat invertebrates, small insects (ants, bees, wasps, beetles, caterpillars and grasshoppers) and spiders that are on the ground or in shrubs. Sometimes they will feed with crimson or white-fronted chats, or with flocks of zebra finches.<ref name=Higgins/> When water is available, feeding will take place along the water's edge, although they are reported to rarely drink water. They walk more often than they hop and are usually seen on or near the ground, occasionally eating seeds. Foraging in crops of sunflowers has been observed.<ref name=fraser /><ref name=Higgins/>
==Breeding==
Breeding habits of the orange chat are not well known, as no major studies have been performed. This species moves and breeds opportunistically throughout the year, sometimes three or more times in response to favourable seasons, whilst breeding will not occur in times of drought.<ref name=Higgins/> Eggs are laid from June to April, but mostly from August to November; young are seen August–November and February–May. There is little variation across its range.<ref name=Higgins/>
The female orange chat will build a small but quite substantial nest in a [[cup nest|cup shape]], which is located close to the ground in shrubs or herbage, commonly saltbush or samphire. The male will defend both the territory and female during the construction of the nest.<ref name=Higgins/> Nesting sometimes occurs among pairs of crimson chats but is often solitary or in loose colonies. The nest is neat and cup-shaped, constructed of dry grass, plant stalks, hair, rootlets, feathers, wool, hair, and twigs.<ref name=morcombe /> Overall dimensions and average nest size (cm), respectively: external diameter, 8.9 and 8.9; external depth, 6.4 and 5.1; internal diameter, 5.1 and 5.7; internal depth, 2.5 and 3.8.<ref name=Higgins/>
Nests are built in samphire or chenopod shrubland, around saltlakes, and occasionally on grass flats or gibber plains. Nests are usually in samphire, saltbush or bluebush; also canegrass, lignum, grass tussocks, sedges or among thistles. They are usually located on or near the top of a live plant, or near the ground under a nest-plant, sheltered from above, or sometimes on the ground.<ref name=Higgins/> During irruptions, the orange chat nests in a wide variety of shrubs, and there are records of it sometimes nesting in citrus trees. Depending on prevailing conditions, the female lays 3 or 4 whitish oval eggs, which are smooth, close-grained and coloured with brown, red, black and grey spots, especially at the larger end, reminiscent of honeyeaters' eggs.<ref name=Higgins/> The eggs measure approximately {{cvt|17|x|14|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=morcombe></ref> Both parents help incubate the eggs for around 11 days and feed the young birds once they have hatched until they can fly on their own to find food.<ref name=Higgins/><ref name=morcombe />
The fledging period is 10 days. For a few days after fledging, young remain in the nest territory and crouch unmoving under shrubs; after a few days, they will move off with the parents and join local flocks where the young continue to be fed by parents.<ref name=Higgins/>
===Predators===
If a predator approaches the nest either parent will [[Distraction display|fake an injury]] to distract the creature away from the nest and will call loudly during the display. Predators include both introduced and native species: cats, snakes, foxes and larger birds, like ravens and crows.<ref name=Higgins/>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q255183}}
[[Category:Epthianura|orange chat]]
[[Category:Chats (birds)|orange chat]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of Australia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1838|orange chat]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Gould|orange chat]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit ($1) (edit_diff) | '@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@
==Description==
-The orange chat (''Epthianura aurifrons'')<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> is [[Endemism|endemic]] to Australia.<ref name=fraser>Fraser, Ian & Gray, Jeannie (2013). ''Australian Bird Names'', CSIRO Publishing, Victoria. {{ISBN|9780643104693}}.</ref> Orange chats are usually {{cvt|10|-|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, {{cvt|10|-|12|g|oz|abbr=on}} in weight and have an average wingspan of {{cvt|19|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The orange chat is a small ground songbird with relatively long, broad and rounded wings and a short square-ended tail.<ref>"Honeyeaters and Australian Chats." ''Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds''. (1st ed. 2003)</ref> The orange chat is potbellied in shape with long thin legs, a short slender straight bill and a brush-tipped tongue. Male feathers are mostly a deep, warm, [[cadmium yellow]] with orange overtone, and this colour is strongest on the crown and breast.<ref>Ford, Hugh Alastair, PhD. "Australian Chats (Epthianuridae)." ''Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia''. Eds. Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, and Melissa C. McDade. Vol. 11: Birds IV. 2nd ed. New York: Gale, 2004. 65-68. 17 vols.</ref> Males' lores and throat are black, their rump is a golden orange with a tail finely tipped with white. Female chats are mottled in grey-brown with underparts being a softer fawny yellow.<ref name=simpson>Simpson, Ken & Day, Nicholas (1984). ''Field Guide to the Birds of Australia'', p. 280. Penguin Books, Victoria. {{ISBN|9780670072316}}.</ref> Orange chats do not have any seasonal differences in plumage.<ref name=Higgins>Higgins, P. J. ed. (2001). ''Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 5:Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats''. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.</ref>
+This stupid thing, The orange chat (''Epthianura aurifrons'')<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> is [[Endemism|endemic]] to Australia.<ref name=fraser>Fraser, Ian & Gray, Jeannie (2013). ''Australian Bird Names'', CSIRO Publishing, Victoria. {{ISBN|9780643104693}}.</ref> Orange chats are usually {{cvt|10|-|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, {{cvt|10|-|12|g|oz|abbr=on}} in weight and have an average wingspan of {{cvt|19|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The orange chat is a small ground songbird with relatively long, broad and rounded wings and a short square-ended tail.<ref>"Honeyeaters and Australian Chats." ''Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds''. (1st ed. 2003)</ref> The orange chat is potbellied in shape with long thin legs, a short slender straight bill and a brush-tipped tongue. Male feathers are mostly a deep, warm, [[cadmium yellow]] with orange overtone, and this colour is strongest on the crown and breast.<ref>Ford, Hugh Alastair, PhD. "Australian Chats (Epthianuridae)." ''Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia''. Eds. Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, and Melissa C. McDade. Vol. 11: Birds IV. 2nd ed. New York: Gale, 2004. 65-68. 17 vols.</ref> Males' lores and throat are black, their rump is a golden orange with a tail finely tipped with white. Female chats are mottled in grey-brown with underparts being a softer fawny yellow.<ref name=simpson>Simpson, Ken & Day, Nicholas (1984). ''Field Guide to the Birds of Australia'', p. 280. Penguin Books, Victoria. {{ISBN|9780670072316}}.</ref> Orange chats do not have any seasonal differences in plumage.<ref name=Higgins>Higgins, P. J. ed. (2001). ''Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 5:Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats''. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.</ref>
===Similar species===
' |
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0 => 'This stupid thing, The orange chat (''Epthianura aurifrons'')<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> is [[Endemism|endemic]] to Australia.<ref name=fraser>Fraser, Ian & Gray, Jeannie (2013). ''Australian Bird Names'', CSIRO Publishing, Victoria. {{ISBN|9780643104693}}.</ref> Orange chats are usually {{cvt|10|-|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, {{cvt|10|-|12|g|oz|abbr=on}} in weight and have an average wingspan of {{cvt|19|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The orange chat is a small ground songbird with relatively long, broad and rounded wings and a short square-ended tail.<ref>"Honeyeaters and Australian Chats." ''Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds''. (1st ed. 2003)</ref> The orange chat is potbellied in shape with long thin legs, a short slender straight bill and a brush-tipped tongue. Male feathers are mostly a deep, warm, [[cadmium yellow]] with orange overtone, and this colour is strongest on the crown and breast.<ref>Ford, Hugh Alastair, PhD. "Australian Chats (Epthianuridae)." ''Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia''. Eds. Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, and Melissa C. McDade. Vol. 11: Birds IV. 2nd ed. New York: Gale, 2004. 65-68. 17 vols.</ref> Males' lores and throat are black, their rump is a golden orange with a tail finely tipped with white. Female chats are mottled in grey-brown with underparts being a softer fawny yellow.<ref name=simpson>Simpson, Ken & Day, Nicholas (1984). ''Field Guide to the Birds of Australia'', p. 280. Penguin Books, Victoria. {{ISBN|9780670072316}}.</ref> Orange chats do not have any seasonal differences in plumage.<ref name=Higgins>Higgins, P. J. ed. (2001). ''Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 5:Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats''. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.</ref>'
] |
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0 => 'The orange chat (''Epthianura aurifrons'')<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> is [[Endemism|endemic]] to Australia.<ref name=fraser>Fraser, Ian & Gray, Jeannie (2013). ''Australian Bird Names'', CSIRO Publishing, Victoria. {{ISBN|9780643104693}}.</ref> Orange chats are usually {{cvt|10|-|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, {{cvt|10|-|12|g|oz|abbr=on}} in weight and have an average wingspan of {{cvt|19|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The orange chat is a small ground songbird with relatively long, broad and rounded wings and a short square-ended tail.<ref>"Honeyeaters and Australian Chats." ''Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds''. (1st ed. 2003)</ref> The orange chat is potbellied in shape with long thin legs, a short slender straight bill and a brush-tipped tongue. Male feathers are mostly a deep, warm, [[cadmium yellow]] with orange overtone, and this colour is strongest on the crown and breast.<ref>Ford, Hugh Alastair, PhD. "Australian Chats (Epthianuridae)." ''Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia''. Eds. Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, and Melissa C. McDade. Vol. 11: Birds IV. 2nd ed. New York: Gale, 2004. 65-68. 17 vols.</ref> Males' lores and throat are black, their rump is a golden orange with a tail finely tipped with white. Female chats are mottled in grey-brown with underparts being a softer fawny yellow.<ref name=simpson>Simpson, Ken & Day, Nicholas (1984). ''Field Guide to the Birds of Australia'', p. 280. Penguin Books, Victoria. {{ISBN|9780670072316}}.</ref> Orange chats do not have any seasonal differences in plumage.<ref name=Higgins>Higgins, P. J. ed. (2001). ''Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 5:Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats''. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.</ref>'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision ($1) (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bird</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Orange chat
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_Chat_9034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Orange_Chat_9034.jpg/220px-Orange_Chat_9034.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Orange_Chat_9034.jpg/330px-Orange_Chat_9034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Orange_Chat_9034.jpg/440px-Orange_Chat_9034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3147" data-file-height="2098" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">
<th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1">[1]</a></sup></small></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Epthianura" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Domain:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Class:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Family:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Honeyeater" title="Honeyeater">Meliphagidae</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Genus:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Epthianura" title="Epthianura"><i>Epthianura</i></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Species:
</td>
<td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>E. aurifrons</b></i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Epthianura aurifrons</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">Gould</a>, 1838</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>The <b>orange chat</b> (<i><b>Epthianura aurifrons</b></i>) is a species of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> in the family <a href="/wiki/Meliphagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meliphagidae">Meliphagidae</a>.
It is <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Similar_species"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Similar species</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Other_common_names"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other common names</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Distribution_and_habitat"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution and habitat</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Movement"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Movement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Banding"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Banding</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Behaviour"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Behaviour</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Defensive_behaviour"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Defensive behaviour</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Distraction_displays"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Distraction displays</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Voice"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Voice</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Diet"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Diet</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Breeding"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Breeding</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Predators"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Predators</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>This stupid thing, The orange chat (<i>Epthianura aurifrons</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1">[1]</a></sup> is <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-fraser_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fraser-2">[2]</a></sup> Orange chats are usually 10–12 cm (3.9–4.7 in) in length, 10–12 g (0.35–0.42 oz) in weight and have an average wingspan of 19 cm (7.5 in). The orange chat is a small ground songbird with relatively long, broad and rounded wings and a short square-ended tail.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The orange chat is potbellied in shape with long thin legs, a short slender straight bill and a brush-tipped tongue. Male feathers are mostly a deep, warm, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium yellow">cadmium yellow</a> with orange overtone, and this colour is strongest on the crown and breast.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Males' lores and throat are black, their rump is a golden orange with a tail finely tipped with white. Female chats are mottled in grey-brown with underparts being a softer fawny yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-5">[5]</a></sup> Orange chats do not have any seasonal differences in plumage.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Similar_species">Similar species</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Similar species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Bird species similar to and often confused with the orange chat are the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_chat" title="Yellow chat">yellow chat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crimson_chat" title="Crimson chat">crimson chat</a>; these birds are similar in size and shape. Orange chats have straighter and on average shorter bills.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> The adult male orange chat is rarely mistaken for another species with its vivid orange colouration and black throat-patch. The male yellow chat is coloured almost as brightly as the orange chat but without such warm orange overtone, being rather an intense lemon yellow. The grey-brown mottled females and immatures have yellow uppertail-coverts and a yellow underbody distinguishing them from the crimson chat, but they are still rather similar in appearance to the female yellow chat.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_common_names">Other common names</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other common names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Orange-breasted, orange-fronted, golden-fronted or bush chat; orange-fronted nun or tang; bush or saltbush canary.<sup id="cite_ref-fraser_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fraser-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Orange chats are strongly nomadic within the arid and semi-arid zones of Australia that they inhabit.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup> They are found mainly in the interior with some sightings in the northern tropics, and very occasionally they reach the coastal areas of South and Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The orange chat mostly occurs in dry, low-lying, saline environments that are rarely flooded such as sparsely vegetated <a href="/wiki/Gibber" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibber">gibber</a> plains, <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt pans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">salt lakes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Claypan" title="Claypan">claypans</a>. They mainly inhabit low, treeless <a href="/wiki/Chenopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenopod">chenopod</a> shrublands dominated by <a href="/wiki/Saltbush" title="Saltbush">saltbush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maireana" title="Maireana">bluebush</a> or <a href="/wiki/Samphire" title="Samphire">samphire</a>, with either open or continuous shrub cover.<sup id="cite_ref-morcombe_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morcombe-9">[9]</a></sup> They are sometimes recorded in other open or shrubby habitats, often near wetlands: low <a href="/wiki/Acacia_aneura" title="Acacia aneura">mulga</a>, low <a href="/wiki/Buloke" class="mw-redirect" title="Buloke">buloke</a> woodland; open <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a> scrubland; dongas (steep-sided gullies) vegetated with tall shrubs or small trees including mulga, <a href="/wiki/Dead_finish" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead finish">dead finish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casuarina_cristata" title="Casuarina cristata">belah</a> or <a href="/wiki/Myoporum_platycarpum" title="Myoporum platycarpum">sugarwood</a>; grassland; or <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedgeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup> The orange chat has occasionally been recorded in mallee woodlands and on farmlands, including areas over-run by <a href="/wiki/Onopordum_acanthium" title="Onopordum acanthium">scotch thistle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Movement">Movement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The orange chat is nomadic, but less so than the crimson chat, and moves around irregularly.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup> Movements are often determined by weather conditions, which will affect the availability of food in an area. During droughts or dry spells the orange chat will be absent or nearly so from normal habitats and will sometimes be recorded towards the periphery of their usual range.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Banding">Banding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Banding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bird_and_Bat_Banding_Scheme" title="Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme">Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme</a>, of the 90 orange chats <a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">banded</a> in Australia from 1953–97, none have been recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Behaviour">Behaviour</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The orange chat is gregarious and mobile with undulating flight, but they are also very wary, which does not allow close interactions. They are easy to see from a distance perched atop low bushes, shrubs or trees, due to the vivid orange plumage of the male. Males will often keep watch from a tall shrub or bush whilst the rest of the flock feeds out of sight.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup> Foraging occurs on the ground or from low shrubs. Orange chats are usually seen in pairs or small groups of up to 15 birds, although flocks of more than 400 have been recorded locally. They are often spotted mixing with flocks of crimson and white-fronted chats and seen near or with flocks of <a href="/wiki/Zebra_finch" title="Zebra finch">zebra finches</a>. When flushed, the orange chat will fly high, briefly perching atop a low shrub before disappearing onto the ground and between shrub cover.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the start of the breeding season flocks disperse into pairs. After the pair has formed, the male accompanies the female at all times until the eggs have been laid and chases other birds, often other males, that approach the pair; this behaviour is rarely seen outside the breeding season.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Defensive_behaviour">Defensive behaviour</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Defensive behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Defence of territory is mainly performed by males when breeding; females usually only become involved when the male is absent.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Distraction_displays">Distraction displays</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Distraction displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>From incubation to just after fledging, one or both adults engage in <a href="/wiki/Distraction_display" title="Distraction display">distraction displays</a> such as feigning injury by flapping along the ground. Sometimes they will not return to their nest while the observer or predator is present.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Voice">Voice</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Most calls of the orange chat are a vibrant, metallic twang <i>tang</i> and a softer <i>tchek tchek</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-5">[5]</a></sup> Calls do not form a significant part of territorial activity, although the male clicks his bill when flying at intruders; this is often accompanied by a squeak.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup> A soft <i>shu-shu-shu</i> is used by males to call females to them. A louder <i>shu-shu-shu</i> call is used when feigning injury by both sexes. <i>Shu-shu-shu</i> is also used by parents with food to call young.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Diet">Diet</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Orange chats mainly eat invertebrates, small insects (ants, bees, wasps, beetles, caterpillars and grasshoppers) and spiders that are on the ground or in shrubs. Sometimes they will feed with crimson or white-fronted chats, or with flocks of zebra finches.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup> When water is available, feeding will take place along the water's edge, although they are reported to rarely drink water. They walk more often than they hop and are usually seen on or near the ground, occasionally eating seeds. Foraging in crops of sunflowers has been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-fraser_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fraser-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Breeding">Breeding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Breeding habits of the orange chat are not well known, as no major studies have been performed. This species moves and breeds opportunistically throughout the year, sometimes three or more times in response to favourable seasons, whilst breeding will not occur in times of drought.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup> Eggs are laid from June to April, but mostly from August to November; young are seen August–November and February–May. There is little variation across its range.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
The female orange chat will build a small but quite substantial nest in a <a href="/wiki/Cup_nest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cup nest">cup shape</a>, which is located close to the ground in shrubs or herbage, commonly saltbush or samphire. The male will defend both the territory and female during the construction of the nest.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup> Nesting sometimes occurs among pairs of crimson chats but is often solitary or in loose colonies. The nest is neat and cup-shaped, constructed of dry grass, plant stalks, hair, rootlets, feathers, wool, hair, and twigs.<sup id="cite_ref-morcombe_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morcombe-9">[9]</a></sup> Overall dimensions and average nest size (cm), respectively: external diameter, 8.9 and 8.9; external depth, 6.4 and 5.1; internal diameter, 5.1 and 5.7; internal depth, 2.5 and 3.8.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
Nests are built in samphire or chenopod shrubland, around saltlakes, and occasionally on grass flats or gibber plains. Nests are usually in samphire, saltbush or bluebush; also canegrass, lignum, grass tussocks, sedges or among thistles. They are usually located on or near the top of a live plant, or near the ground under a nest-plant, sheltered from above, or sometimes on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup> During irruptions, the orange chat nests in a wide variety of shrubs, and there are records of it sometimes nesting in citrus trees. Depending on prevailing conditions, the female lays 3 or 4 whitish oval eggs, which are smooth, close-grained and coloured with brown, red, black and grey spots, especially at the larger end, reminiscent of honeyeaters' eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup> The eggs measure approximately 17 mm × 14 mm (0.67 in × 0.55 in).<sup id="cite_ref-morcombe_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morcombe-9">[9]</a></sup> Both parents help incubate the eggs for around 11 days and feed the young birds once they have hatched until they can fly on their own to find food.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-morcombe_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morcombe-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>The fledging period is 10 days. For a few days after fledging, young remain in the nest territory and crouch unmoving under shrubs; after a few days, they will move off with the parents and join local flocks where the young continue to be fed by parents.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Predators">Predators</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>If a predator approaches the nest either parent will <a href="/wiki/Distraction_display" title="Distraction display">fake an injury</a> to distract the creature away from the nest and will call loudly during the display. Predators include both introduced and native species: cats, snakes, foxes and larger birds, like ravens and crows.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_6-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_chat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2016" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22704478/93970653">"<i>Epthianura aurifrons</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: e.T22704478A93970653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704478A93970653.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704478A93970653.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Epthianura+aurifrons&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=e.T22704478A93970653&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704478A93970653.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22704478%2F93970653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrange+chat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-fraser-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fraser_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fraser_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fraser_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, Ian & Gray, Jeannie (2013). <i>Australian Bird Names</i>, CSIRO Publishing, Victoria. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780643104693" title="Special:BookSources/9780643104693">9780643104693</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Honeyeaters and Australian Chats." <i>Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds</i>. (1st ed. 2003)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford, Hugh Alastair, PhD. "Australian Chats (Epthianuridae)." <i>Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia</i>. Eds. Michael Hutchins, Dennis A. Thoney, and Melissa C. McDade. Vol. 11: Birds IV. 2nd ed. New York: Gale, 2004. 65-68. 17 vols.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-simpson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, Ken & Day, Nicholas (1984). <i>Field Guide to the Birds of Australia</i>, p. 280. Penguin Books, Victoria. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670072316" title="Special:BookSources/9780670072316">9780670072316</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Higgins-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_6-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Higgins, P. J. ed. (2001). <i>Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 5:Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats</i>. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Australian Chats: Epthianuridae." 23 Oct 2013. 23 Oct 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://montereybay.com/creagrus/Australian_chats.html">[1]</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Orange Chat(Epthianura aurifrons)." 2013. The Internet Bird Collection. 23 Oct 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/orange-chat-epthianura-aurifrons">[2]</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-morcombe-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morcombe_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morcombe_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morcombe_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morcombe_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morcombe, Michael (2003). <i>Field Guide to Australian Birds</i>, p. 273,397. Pascal Press, Glebe. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781740214179" title="Special:BookSources/9781740214179">9781740214179</a>.</span>
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</ol></div></div>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Epthianura aurifrons</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255183" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q255183">Q255183</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Epthianura_aurifrons" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Epthianura aurifrons">Epthianura aurifrons</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Epthianura_%28Aurepthianura%29_aurifrons">Epthianura_(Aurepthianura)_aurifrons</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22704478">22704478</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6FYTT">6FYTT</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BOW: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/oracha1">oracha1</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/oracha1">oracha1</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2487108">2487108</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/12645">12645</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10215213">10215213</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=559934">559934</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22704478">22704478</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=266352">266352</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/75070/">75070</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1053666">1053666</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Epthianura-aurifrons">Epthianura-aurifrons</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node ($1) (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change ($1) (timestamp) | '1712920690' |
