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'{{Short description|Hydroelectric station in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} {{More citations needed|date=April 2021}} {{Infobox dam | name = Dnieper Hydroelectric Station | name_official = | image = Дніпрогес з висоти.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Ukraine Zaporizhia Oblast | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Location of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station in [[Zaporizhzhia Oblast]], Ukraine | coordinates = {{coord|47|52|09|N|35|05|13|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = Ukraine | location = [[Zaporizhzhia]] | status = Not operational | dam_height_foundation= | dam_length = {{Convert|800|m|ft|abbr=on}} | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_crosses = [[Dnieper]] river | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = {{Convert|3.3|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = [[Ukrhydroenergo]] | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|Run-of-the-river]] | plant_turbines = | plant_capacity = 1,578.6&nbsp;[[Megawatt|MW]] | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} The '''Dnieper Hydroelectric Station''' ({{lang-uk|ДніпроГЕС|DniproHES}}), also known as the '''Dnipro Dam''', is a [[hydroelectric power station]] in the city of [[Zaporizhzhia]], Ukraine. Operated by [[Ukrhydroenergo]], it is the fifth and largest station in the [[Dnieper reservoir cascade]], a series of hydroelectric stations on the [[Dnieper]] river that supply power to the Donets–Kryvyi Rih industrial region. Its dam has a length of {{convert|800|metres}}, a height of {{convert|61|metres}}, and a flow rate of {{convert|38.7|metres}} per second.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} The dam elevates the Dnieper river by {{convert|37|metres}} and maintains the water level of the [[Dnieper Reservoir]], which has a volume of 3.3&nbsp;km³ and stretches {{convert|129|km}} upstream to the nearby city of [[Dnipro]]. The reservoir's two shipping canals—the disused original one with three staircase [[Lock (water navigation)|locks]] and a newer one with one staircase lock—allow ships to bypass the dam at its eastern end and sail upstream as far as the [[Pripyat (river)|Prypiat]] river. A highway on the dam and bridge over the shipping canals enable vehicles to cross the Dnieper. The electric station was built by the [[Soviet Union]] from 1927 to 1932. After being destroyed during [[World War II]] to make it harder for advancing [[Nazi Germany|German]] forces to cross the river, it was rebuilt from 1944 to 1950. An expansion built from 1969 to 1980 quadrupled the station's output, with further modernization renovations conducted in the 2000s.{{When|date=April 2024}} On 22 March 2024, after the Dnipro Dam was [[22 March 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine|hit by Russian missiles]], power output at the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station came to a halt.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murray |first=Warren |last2=writers |first2=Warren Murray with Guardian |date=2024-03-22 |title=Ukraine war briefing: ‘massive missile attack’ hits Dnipro hydroelectric dam and affects nuclear plant |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/22/ukraine-war-briefing-anti-putin-forces-behind-raids-into-russia-speak-out |access-date= |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Construction == === Early plans === [[File:DneproGES.jpg|thumb|The dam under construction in 1934]] In the lower reaches of the Dnieper River, there was an almost {{convert|100|km|adj=on}}-long stretch that was filled with the [[Dnieper Rapids]]. This is approximately the distance between the modern cities [[Dnipro]] and [[Zaporizhzhia]]. During the 19th century, engineers worked on the projects to make the river navigable. Projects for flooding the rapids were proposed by {{nowrap|N. Lelyavsky}} in 1893, V. Timonov^{([[:ru:Тимонов, Всеволод Евгеньевич|RU]])} in 1894, S. Maximov and [[Genrikh Graftio]] in 1905, A. Rundo and D. Yuskevich in 1910, I. Rozov and L. Yurgevich in 1912, Mohylko.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} Непорожний П. С. [https://books.google.com/books?id=caLbAAAAMAAJ&q=%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE Гидроэнергетика и комплексное использование водных ресурсов СССР] (Hydropower and integrated use of water resources of the USSR). — Энергоиздат, 1982. — С. 17. — 559 с.</ref><ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/D/N/DnieperHydroelectricStation.htm Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]// [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318122305/http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/D/N/DnieperHydroelectricStation.htm |date=2009-03-18 }}</ref> While the main objective of these projects was to improve navigation, [[hydroelectric power]] generation was developed concurrently, in terms of the "utilization of the freely flowing water".<ref>{{in lang|ru}} Нестерук Ф. Я. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LLQ9AAAAIAAJ&q=%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0 Развитие гидроэнергетики СССР] (Development of hydropower in the USSR). — Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1963. — С. 34. — 382 с.</ref> G. Graftio's^{([[:ru:Графтио, Генрих Осипович|RU]])} 1905 project included three dams with a small area of flooding. === GOELRO plan and construction, 1921–1941 === {{also|GOELRO}} [[File:Colonel Hugh Lincoln Cooper.jpg|thumb|Colonel Cooper, on the left, the head of consultants and [[Alexander Vinter (scientist)|Alexander Vinter]], The Dnieper Hydroelectric Station construction manager.]] The Dneprostroi Dam was built on vacated land in the countryside at the old river crossing known as Kichkas just north of [[Khortytsia]] island. The reason for building it was to stimulate [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)|Soviet industrialization]]. A special company was formed called Dniprobud or Dneprostroi (hence the dam's alternative name) that later built other dams on the [[Dnieper]] and exists to this day. The design for the dam that was accepted dates back to the [[USSR]] [[GOELRO]] [[electrification]] plan which was adopted in the early 1920s. The station was designed by a group of engineers headed by Prof. [[Ivan Alexandrov]], a chief expert of GOELRO, who later became a head of the [[Gosplan|RSFSR State Planning Commission]]. The station was planned to provide electricity for several [[aluminium]] production plants and a high quality iron and steel plant that were also to be constructed in the area.<ref name="Kulch">{{cite journal |author=С. Кульчицький |script-title=uk:Україна в системі загальносоюзного народногосподарського комплексу |language=Ukrainian |journal=Проблеми Історії України: факти, судження, пошуки |volume=11 |year=2004 |pages=30–31 |url=http://www.history.org.ua/Zbirnyk/11/1.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028221209/http://www.history.org.ua/Zbirnyk/11/1.pdf |archivedate=2008-10-28 }}</ref> The DniproHES project used the experience gained from the construction of the [[Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations]] at [[Niagara Falls]], [[Ontario]], the [[:fr:Centrale hydroélectrique de l'Île Maligne|Hydroelectric Island Maligne]], [[Quebec]], and the [[La Gabelle Generating Station]] on the [[St. Maurice]] River.<ref name="Novitski">{{cite journal |author=Новицкий В. |url=http://2000.net.ua/is/393/141-a7.pdf |script-title=ru:Днепрогэс — символ советско-американской дружбы |language=Russian |journal=2000 |year=2002 |issue=393 |page=A7 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008160037/http://2000.net.ua/is/393/141-a7.pdf |archivedate=2011-10-08 }}</ref> On 17 September 1932, the Soviet government awarded six American engineers (including [[Hugh Cooper]], William V. Murphy, and G. Thompson, engineers of General Electric) with the [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] for "the outstanding work in the construction of DniproHES". [[Industrialization in the Soviet Union|Soviet industrialization]] was accompanied by a wide propaganda effort. [[Leon Trotsky]], by then out of power, campaigned for the idea within the ruling [[Politburo]] in early 1926. In a speech to the [[Komsomol]] youth movement, he said:<ref>Quoted in Isaac Deutscher. ''The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky: 1921-1929'', Oxford University Press, 1959, reprinted by Verso, 2003, {{ISBN|1-85984-446-4}}, p. 178.</ref> :In the south the Dnieper runs its course through the wealthiest industrial lands; and it is wasting the prodigious weight of its pressure, playing over age-old rapids and waiting until we harness its stream, curb it with dams, and compel it to give lights to cities, to drive factories, and to enrich ploughland. We shall compel it! The dam and its buildings were designed by the [[constructivist architecture|constructivist architects]] [[Viktor Vesnin]] and [[Nikolai Kolli]]. Construction began in 1927, and the plant started to produce electricity in October 1932.<ref name="Kulch" /> Generating about 560 MW, the station became the largest Soviet power plant at the time<ref name="Kulch" /> and the third-largest in the world, following the [[Hoover Dam]], 705 MW, and the [[Wilson Dam]], 663 MW, in the United States.<ref name="Kulch" /> American specialists under the direction of [[Hugh Lincoln Cooper|Col. Hugh Cooper]] took part in the construction. The first five giant power generators were manufactured by the [[General Electric Company]]. During the second [[Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union|five-year plan]], four more generators of similar power that were produced by [[Elektrosila]] in [[Leningrad]] were installed.<ref name="Kulch" /> The Dneprostroi Dam was the largest dam in Europe at the time of its construction. The industrial centres of [[Zaporizhzhia]], [[Kryvy Rih]], and [[Dnipro]] grew from the power provided by the station, including such electricity-consuming industries as aluminium production, which was vitally important for [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[aviation]]. ===World War II and post-war reconstruction=== [[File:GE DneprostroiDamGenerator.jpg|thumb|Milling of the Dneprostroi Dam generators at [[General Electric]]]] [[File:Хід_м._Запоріжжя._500_років_українському_козацтву._1990._3.JPG|thumb|A march through the Dnipro Dam in 1990, organized by pro-independence [[People's Movement of Ukraine]]]] During [[World War II]], the strategically important dam and plant were dynamited by retreating [[Red Army]] troops in 1941 after [[Operation Barbarossa|Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union]]. American journalist [[H. R. Knickerbocker]] wrote that year:<ref name="knickerbocker1941">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwGwpIBHhgcC&pg=PA107 | title=Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions On the Battle of Mankind | publisher=Reynal & Hitchcock | author=Knickerbocker, H. R. | year=1941 | pages=107–108| isbn=9781417992775 }}</ref> {{quote|The Russians have proved now by their destruction of the great dam at Dniepropetrovsk that they mean truly to scorch the earth before Hitler even if it means the destruction of their most precious possessions ... Dnieprostroy was an object almost of worship to the Soviet people. Its destruction demonstrates a will to resist which surpasses anything we had imagined. I know what that dam meant to the Bolsheviks ... It was the largest, most spectacular, and most popular of all the immense projects of the First Five-Year Plan ... The Dnieper Dam when it was built was the biggest on earth and so it occupied a place in the imagination and affection of the Soviet people difficult for us to realize ... Stalin's order to destroy it meant more to the Russians emotionally than it would mean to us for [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] to order the destruction of the [[Panama Canal]].}} The resulting flood killed between 20,000 and 100,000 civilians, along with Red Army officers crossing the river at the time.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/european-remembrance-day-ukraine-little-known-ww2-tragedy/25083847.html Ukrainian Activists Draw Attention To Little-Known WWII Tragedy] 23 August 2013, ''www.rferl.org'', accessed 4 March 2022</ref> While a second attempt at dynamiting the dam by retreating German troops in 1943 was averted,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Plokhy |first=Serhii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SH6DAAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+retreating+Soviets+had+blown+up+part+of+the+Zaporizhia+dam%22&pg=PA292 |title=The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine |date=2017-05-30 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-09346-5 |pages=292–293 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Damn Dams – For Ukrainians, Devastation Caused by Destruction of Dams Should Be No Surprise |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/17942 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Get the Latest Ukraine News Today - KyivPost |language=en}}</ref> the dam remained extensively damaged, with the powerhouse hall was nearly destroyed. Both were rebuilt between 1944 and 1949. [[General Electric]] shipped three new 90&nbsp;MW generators for the dam in 1946, replacing the 77.5&nbsp;MW generators destroyed during World War II. <ref name="GE">[http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/images/gallry10.htm Hydro-electric Generator for Russia's Dnieprostroi Dam, 1945]. Image #21.009. Science Service Historical Image Collection. National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution, accessed 4 March 2022</ref> Each generator weighed over 1,021 tonnes and had a frame diameter of {{convert|12.93|metres}}.<ref name="GE"/> Power generation was restarted in 1950, with a second powerhouse built from 1969 to 1980, expanding production capacity by 828&nbsp;MW. ===Post-Independence=== In the spring of 2016, all [[communist]] symbols (including the sign that stated that the dam was named after [[Vladimir Lenin]]) were removed from the dam in order to comply with [[decommunization in Ukraine|decommunization laws]].<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news/27682492.html In Zaporizhzhia began to "dekomunize" DniproGES], [[Radio Free Europe]] (4 April 2016)</ref> On 22 March 2024, the dam and its power station was struck by eight missiles<ref name="eight">{{cite news|author=Martin Fornusek |title=Ministry: Situation at Zaporizhzhia's Dnipro Dam under control, no danger of breach |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ministry-situation-at-zaporizhzhias-dnipro-dam-under-control-do-danger-of-breach/ |website=The Kyiv Independent |date=24 March 2024 |accessdate=24 March 2024}}</ref> launched by Russia as part of a massive attack on energy infrastructure across Ukraine. The attack caused damage to the dam's structure, although officials said there was no risk of a breach. The head of the Ukrainian state-owned energy company [[Ukrhydroenergo]], {{ill|Ihor Syrota|uk|Сирота Ігор Григорович}} said that the Hydroelectric Power Station-2 (HPS-2), one of the dam's two power stations, was in critical condition after being struck directly by two missiles, damaging crane girders and a support pillar. A trolleybus travelling along the dam's roadway was also struck, setting it on fire and forcing the closure of the dam to motorists. One person was reported to have been killed in the attack.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kateryna Hodunova |title=Ukrhydroenergo: One station of Dnipro Hydroelectric Power Plant in critical state |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukrhydroenergo-zaporizhzhias-dnipro-hydroelectric-station-is-in-critical-state-as-it-was-hit-twice-during-russian-attack/ |website=The Kyiv Independent |date=22 March 2024 |accessdate=22 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Olena Goncharova |author2=Martin Fornusek |title=Zaporizhzhia's Dnipro Hydroelectric Power Plant hit amid Russian attack on energy infrastructure |url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-launches-large-scale-missile-drone-attack-against-ukraine/ |website=The Kyiv Independent |date=22 March 2024 |accessdate=22 March 2024}}</ref> The attack led to the station losing a third of its generation capacity<ref>{{cite news|author=Kateryna Denisova |title=Ukrhydroenergo: Dnipro Hydroelectric Power Plant lost a third of generation capacity after Russian strike |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukrhydroenergo-zaporizhzhias-dnipro-hydroelectric-power-plant-lost-about-3rd-of-generation-capacity/ |website=The Kyiv Independent |date=24 March 2024 |accessdate=24 March 2024}}</ref> and Hr 159,305 ($4,100) in damage to water resources, as well as a suspension of water intake in [[Bilenke, Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Bilenke]], downstream from the dam.<ref name="eight"/> Ukrhydroenergo said that restoration works on the dam would take "years".<ref>{{cite news|author=Kateryna Denisova |title=Ukhydroenergo: 'Years' needed to restore Dnipro Hydroelectric Power Plant after Russian attack |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukhydroenergo-years-needed-to-restore-dnipro-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |website=The Kyiv Independent |date=25 March 2024 |accessdate=26 March 2024}}</ref> Environmental damage caused by the attack was estimated to be at least $3.5 million.<ref>{{cite news|author=Dmytro Basmat |title=Russian attacks on Dnipro hydroelectric plant caused $3.5 million in environmental damage |url=https://kyivindependent.com/russian-attacks-on-dnipro-hydroelectric-plant-caused-3-5-million-in-environmental-damage/ |website=The Kyiv Independent |date=28 March 2024 |accessdate=28 March 2024}}</ref> On 12 April 2024, the dam caught on fire as a result of drone strikes launched by Russia. The fire caused around half a tonne of oil products leaking into the [[Dnipro]]. ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Дніпрогес, гребля. Хортиця.jpg| File:Туман над Дніпром.jpg| File:Гребля і силова станція Дніпрогес-1.jpg| File:Гребля і силова станція Дніпрогес-2.jpg| File:Дніпровський шлюз 2.jpg| File:Запорожье. Днепр. Новый шлюз - panoramio - Serge McKenna.jpg| File:Дніпрогес з дрона.jpg| File:DniproHES010.JPG| </gallery> ==See also== * [[Eighth All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets]] * [[Hydroelectricity in Ukraine]] * [[List of power stations in Ukraine]] * [[Zaporizhzhia Pylon Triple]] * [[Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam]] == References == {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * [http://kp.ua/daily/031212/369129/ "Комсомольская правда" об угрозах плотины Киевской ГЭС и водохранилища] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222223556/http://kp.ua/daily/031212/369129/ |date=2014-02-22 }} * [http://www.aif.ua/incidents/965194 "Аргументы и факты" о реальных угрозах дамбы Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125125125/https://aif.ua/incidents/965194 |date=2021-01-25 }} * [http://izvestia.ru/news/378899 "Известия" о проблематике плотины Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС] * [http://www.unian.net/society/337483-grozit-li-navodnenie-dambe-kievskogo-morya.html Эксперт УНИАН об угрозах дамбы Киевского водохранилища] == External links == {{stack|{{Portal|Ukraine|Water|Renewable energy}}}} * {{Commonscat-inline}} * [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproHydroelectricStation.htm Dnieper Hydroelectric Station] // [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]] * {{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060117170724/http://www.85goelro.rao-ees.ru/main.html?secid=134&docid=329 Information from site dedicated to 85th anniversary of GOERLO] * {{in lang|uk}} [https://uhe.gov.ua/ Official website of Ukrhydroenergy] * [https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search?query=%22Dnieper%20Hydroelectric%20Power%20Station%22&filters=%7B%22forms_collection_library_bookstore%22%3A%5B%22photographs%22%5D%7D Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Station, photographs by Georges Dedoyard, 1932], [[Canadian Centre for Architecture]] ([https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search?query=%22Dnieper%20Hydroelectric%20Power%20Station%22&img_filter=1 digitized items]) * {{in lang|ru}} [https://zptown.zp.ua/archives/257 The explosion of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Station] * {{in lang|uk}} [https://zptown.zp.ua/archives/696344 The Russian invaders launched a missile attack on the Dnipro HPP - the dam structures are being inspected] {{Dnieper}} {{Crossings navbox | structure = Crossings | place = [[Dnieper River]] | bridge = Dnieper Hydroelectric Station | bridge signs = {{Jct|country=UKR|H|08}} | upstream = [[Pivdennyi Bridge (Dnipro)|Pivdennyi Bridge]] | upstream signs = | downstream = [[Preobrazhensky Bridge (New Dnieper)]] / [[Zaporizhia Arch Bridge]] | downstream signs = {{Road marker simple|Road T08-06 (Ukraine)|T08-06|white|black|black}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Dams in Ukraine]] [[Category:Hydroelectric power stations built in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Ukraine]] [[Category:Companies based in Zaporizhzhia]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Zaporizhzhia]] [[Category:Constructivist architecture]] [[Category:Dams completed in 1932]] [[Category:State companies of Ukraine]] [[Category:Dams on the Dnieper]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Zaporizhzhia]] [[Category:Dniprovskyi District, Zaporizhzhia]]'